Epidemiology and Health

Cohort Profile

Study protocol for the Korean Human Exposure Safety Survey (KoHESS): a national biomonitoring program for food and consumer product safety: Hyeon-Jeong Lim, Sang-Yong Eom, Sun-Haeng Choi, Seonmi Hong, Byung-Sun Choi, Young-Seoub Hong, Kwan Lee, Won-Ju Park, Jae-Seok Song, Nam-Jun Kim, Hyo-Jeong Hwang, Rihwa Choi, Hosub Im, Youn-Seok Kang, Hye-Young Lee, Mi-Ran Kim, Hyunjin Son, Yong-Dae Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025060. Published online October 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025060

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
This protocol paper describes the design and methodology of the Korean Human Exposure Safety Survey (KoHESS), a three-year national biomonitoring program (2023-2025). Korea’s Act on Risk Assessment of Products for Human Use necessitates scientific evidence for aggregate exposure assessment and cumulative risk evaluation of hazardous substances in food and consumer products. Existing biomonitoring programs primarily focus on environmental exposures, limiting comprehensive assessment of products regulated by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. KoHESS employs repeated cross-sectional surveys targeting approximately 5,000 Koreans aged 3-79 years per cycle, using complex stratified multistage sampling for national representativeness. Data collection includes standardized anthropometric measurements, biological samples (blood, urine), comprehensive exposure source surveys, and 2-day 24-hour dietary recalls. Chemical analyses using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measure 24 perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances compounds, 25 phthalate metabolites, and 7 heavy metals, with quality assurance through certified reference materials. KoHESS will provide scientifically robust data for establishing safety standards, enable advanced exposure modeling, facilitate risk assessments reflecting cumulative exposures, support targeted protection for vulnerable populations, and contribute to international biomonitoring networks while promoting preventive hazardous substance management systems.; Summary

Korean summary
- 식품의약품안전처(MFDS)가 주관하는 KoHESS (2023-2025)는 한국을 대표하는 5,000명의 국민(3~79세)을 대상으로 3년간 반복 수행되는 전국 규모의 인체 모니터링 프로그램이다. - 기존 환경 노출 데이터의 한계를 보완하여 식품 및 소비재 유래 유해 물질(PFAS 24종, 프탈레이트 25종, 중금속 7종)의 인체 노출 수준을 측정한다. - 수집된 과학적 데이터는 유해 물질의 통합 노출 평가, 누적 위해성 평가 및 제품 안전 기준 설정을 위한 핵심 근거 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Key Message
- KoHESS (2023-2025) is a national, repeated cross-sectional biomonitoring program led by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), targeting 5,000 Koreans (3-79 years) per cycle. - It measures 24 PFAS, 25 phthalate metabolites, and 7 heavy metals, specifically focusing on hazardous substances from food and consumer products, filling gaps in existing environmental data. - The data provides robust scientific evidence crucial for aggregate exposure assessment, cumulative risk evaluation, and establishing safety standards for regulated products.

Original Article

Effects of student human rights ordinances on mental health among middle and high school students in South Korea: a difference-in-differences analysis: Sang Jun Eun; Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025011. Published online March 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025011

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To actively protect and enhance students’ human rights, student human rights ordinances (SHROs) have been enforced in seven provinces in South Korea at different times since 2010. Although human rights are closely linked to mental health, there has been no research on the effectiveness of human rights legislation on adolescent mental health. This study evaluated the effects of SHROs on the mental health of middle and high school students.
METHODS
Repeated cross-sectional data were used, including 1,148,257 respondents from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey between 2006 and 2023. Probabilities of perceived stress, sleep insufficiency, depressive mood, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt in treated provinces were estimated through a difference-in-differences approach that accounts for treatment effect heterogeneity across groups over time.
RESULTS
SHROs had no consistently significant effects on any mental health outcomes, except for slightly increased suicide ideation in total students (0.7%, 95% confidence interval 0.3% to 1.1%). Suicide attempts in total and male students and perceived stress and sleep insufficiency in female students tended to decrease, while other mental health outcomes tended to increase. Uncertainty in the effect estimates of SHROs increased for all mental health outcomes with possible violations of parallel trends, rendering originally significant effects insignificant.
CONCLUSIONS
SHROs failed to improve mental health of middle and high school students in treated provinces, possibly due to the absence of enforcement mechanisms. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of and effect mechanisms for legal measures to improve human rights on adolescent mental health.; Summary

Korean summary
학생의 인권을 포괄적으로 보장하기 위해 학생인권조례가 시행되었지만 학생인권조례 시행 지역에서 중고등학생의 정신건강은 향상되지 않았는데, 이는 조례에 벌칙 조항 같은 강제성 기전이 없었기 때문이었을 수 있다. 학생인권조례는 중고등학생의 정신건강에 대해 효과가 없었지만 이 연구는 인권 법제의 청소년 정신건강에 대한 효과를 처음으로 평가했다. 인권증진을 위한 법적 수단의 청소년 정신건강에 대한 효과성과 효과 기전에 관하여 추가 연구가 필요하다.

Key Message
Although student human rights ordinances have been enforced in South Korea to comprehensively guarantee human rights for students, they failed to improve the mental health of middle and high school students in treated provinces, possibly due to the absence of enforcement mechanisms such as penalty provisions. Despite the ineffectiveness of student human rights ordinances, this study first estimated the effects of human rights legislation on adolescent mental health. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of and effect mechanisms for legal measures to improve human rights on adolescent mental health.

Cohort Profile

Cohort profile: a nationwide retrospective cohort of mortality in people living with HIV in Korea, 1985-2020: Taeyoung Kim, Yoonhee Jung, Koun Kim, Jung Wan Park, Jeonghee Yu, Sung-il Cho; Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025002. Published online January 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025002

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The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea has prompted interest in using the national surveillance system as a database for studying their health. To investigate the relationships between socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates, a nationwide retrospective cohort was formed by integrating surveillance data with the Cause of Death Statistics from Statistics Korea. This integration included incidence reports, epidemiological investigations, and death reports from the surveillance data, enriched with detailed mortality information from the Cause of Death data. The cohort comprised 17,199 adult Korean individuals diagnosed with HIV infection from 1985 to 2020. By the end of 2020, 2,721 of these individuals were confirmed deceased. The sex ratio of the study participants was 14.3:1.0 (male to female), with 78.2% being under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Sexual contact was identified as the primary transmission route, accounting for 75.7% of cases. HIV disease emerged as the predominant cause of death, representing two-thirds (1,817 of 2,721) of the fatalities, followed by injuries and trauma, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for further cohort studies may be submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.; Summary

Korean summary
- 인체면역결핍바이러스 감염인들의 사망과 연관된 요인의 파악을 위해, 질병관리청의 국가 감시체계 데이터와 통계청 사망원인통계를 결합하여 후향적 코호트를 구성하였다. - 구성된 코호트에는 1985-2020년 중 발생이 보고된 대한민국 국적의 19세 이상 감염인 17,199명이 포함되었으며 이 중 2,721명의 사망이 감시체계와 사망원인통계에서 최종 확인되었고, 코호트 데이터는 이들의 사회인구학적 요인, 역학적 요인, 사망원인을 포함한 사망 관련 정보로 구성되어 있다. - 본 코호트에 기반한 연구를 통해 국내 거주하는 한국인 감염인들의 건강을 전반적으로 확인할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 감염인 중 사망 위험이 높은 취약군을 확인하는 등 국가 정책의 기반이 되는 과학적 근거를 생산할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Key Message
- By merging KDCA’s national surveillance data and the national mortality statistics, our retrospective cohort data have been established for identifying people living with HIV (PLHIV) at higher risk of mortality. - In the established cohort, incidence reports of 17,199 PLHIV aged 19 or older with Korean nationality and mortality reports of 2,721 were included. The cohort data were composed of their sociodemographic and epidemiologic characteristics, and mortality data including causes of death. - We expect further research based on the cohort to explore Korean PLHIV’s health and mortality risk, and to generate scientific evidence for national policymaking.

Original Article

Prevalence and trends of cigarette smoking among adults with HIV infection compared with the general population in Korea: Boyoung Park, Yoonyoung Jang, Taehwa Kim, Yunsu Choi, Kyoung Hwan Ahn, Jung Ho Kim, Hye Seong, Jun Yong Choi, Hyo Youl Kim, Joon Young Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Hee Jung Choi, Dae Won Park, Young Kyung Yoon, Sang Il Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024097. Published online December 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024097

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Abstract Summary PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study compared the current smoking prevalence among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to that of the general Korean population and analyzed changes in smoking prevalence and cessation rates from 2009 to 2020.

METHODS

The study included a total of 10,980 adults with HIV infection who underwent a health screening examination (National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; NHIS-NHID), 1,230 individuals with HIV infection who participated in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort (KoCosHIV), and 76,783 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We estimated the current smoking prevalence and the quit ratio, defined as the ratio of former smokers to ever-smokers.

RESULTS

In the NHIS-NHID and KoCosHIV studies, the prevalence of current and former smoking among adults with HIV was 44.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.2 to 45.1) and 15.6% (95% CI, 14.9 to 16.3), and 47.7% (95% CI, 43.7 to 51.8) and 16.9% (95% CI, 11.8 to 22.0), respectively. In the KNHANES, these rates were 22.5% and 18.1%, respectively. The standardized prevalence ratio of current smoking among adults with HIV was 1.76 in the NHIS-NHID and 1.97 in the KoCosHIV. Furthermore, the likelihood of quitting smoking was lower among adults with HIV than in the general population (NHIS-NHID: 26.1%; 95% CI, 25.0 to 27.1; KoCosHIV: 26.2%; 95% CI, 20.2 to 32.1; KNHANES: 44.6%; 95% CI, 44.5 to 44.6). Among HIV-positive adults, there was a 1.53% decline in the current smoking rate and a 2.86% increase in the quit ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

Adults with HIV were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit smoking than the general adult population. Tobacco screening and cessation strategies should specifically target this population.

Summary

Korean summary
HIV 감염자에서 일반인구와 비교한 현재흡연의 표준화 유병비는 1.76-1.97이었음 HIV 감염자의 현재 흡연율은 연평균 1.53% 감소하고, 흡연자의 금연율은 연평균 2.86% 증가함 HIV 감염자들은 일반인구와 비교해서 흡연율이 높고,흡연자의 금연율은 낮음

Key Message
The standardized prevalence ratio of current smoking among adults with HIV compared with general population was 1.76 ~ 1.97. Among HIV-positive adults, there was a 1.53% decline in the current smoking rate and a 2.86% increase in the quit ratio. Adults with HIV were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit smoking than the general adult population.

Citations

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Longitudinal Observation by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients Treated with Ethambutol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Rui Luo, Jin Ma, Yong Zhong
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(3): 1230. CrossRef

Epidemiologic Investigation

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of suspected and confirmed mpox cases during the 2022-2023 epidemic in the Capital Region, Korea: Mingyeol Shim, Soo Hyeon Cho, Seung Eun Lee, Taeyoung Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024092. Published online November 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024092

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Abstract Summary PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the general characteristics of laboratory-confirmed mpox patients in the Capital Region of Korea, as well as the risk factors for mpox infection, particularly focusing on the characteristics of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive and PCR-negative cases.

METHODS

We investigated 160 adults, excluding 4 minors, from 164 suspected mpox patients reported in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Gangwon from June 21, 2022 to October 31, 2023. Data were collected via telephone and face-to-face interviews. A statistical analysis of the general characteristics of the infection was conducted using frequency analysis and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 160 suspected cases of mpox, 59.3% (n=95) tested positive via mpox-PCR. Among the confirmed cases, 97.9% (n=93) were male. PCR-positive patients typically presented with genital and anal skin rashes or mucosal lesions, accompanied by pain. Additionally, 35.5% (n=33) of the male patients had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Most confirmed cases (94.7%, 90/95) were believed to have contracted mpox through sexual contact during the maximal incubation period of 21 days prior to symptom onset, with a significant number reporting same-sex or casual contact. The most commonly collected and highest-yielding specimens from PCR-positive patients were from skin or mucosal lesions, whereas blood samples demonstrated the lowest percent positivity.

CONCLUSIONS

In the Capital Region, most PCR-positive cases were male patients in their 30s who had sexual contacts and exhibited symptoms, aligning with findings from previous studies. These results provide a foundation for the differential diagnosis concerning mpox infection and the selection of PCR-test samples in clinical settings.

Summary

Korean summary
- 대한민국 수도권의 mpox 의심환자 160명 중 59.3%(n=95)가 mpox-PCR 검사에서 양성으로 확인되었다. - 확진 환자 중 97.9%(n=93)는 남성이었고 35.5%(n=33)는 HIV에 감염되었으며 엠폭스 감염의 위험요인으로는 일회성 파트너와의 성적 접촉, 항문생식기 병변, 병변 부위의 통증이 포함되었다. - 양성 환자의 검체 특성은 피부 및 점막 병변 샘플이 가장 높은 양성률을 보였고, 혈액 샘플은 가장 낮은 양성률을 보였다.

Key Message
- Of the 160 suspected mpox cases in the Capital Region of South Korea, 59.3% (n=95) were confirmed as PCR-positive. - Among the confirmed cases, 97.9% were male and 35.5% were infected with HIV, and risk factors of mpox infection included sexual contact with casual partner, anogenital lesion, and pain on lesions. - Skin and mucosal lesion samples had the highest positivity rate, while blood samples had the lowest.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The epidemiological and clinical differences between patients with mpox and patients without mpox among suspected cases during the recent global mpox outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yingying Han, Xingzhao Li, Xin Wang, Zhuan Zhong
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Genetic associations and parent-of-origin effects of PVRL1 in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate across multiple ethnic populations: Ji Wan Park, Geon Kang, Seung-Hak Baek, Young Ho Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024069. Published online August 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024069

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the associations of PVRL1 gene variants with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) by evaluating transmission distortion and parent-of-origin (POO) effects in multiple ethnic populations.

METHODS

We conducted allelic and genotypic transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) on 10 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in PVRL1 using data from 142 Korean families with an affected child. POO effects were analyzed using the POO likelihood ratio test, comparing transmission rates of maternally and paternally inherited alleles. To assess generalizability and ethnic heterogeneity, we compared results from Korean families with data from the Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, which included 2,226 individuals from 497 European and 245 Asian trios.

RESULTS

TDT analysis identified significant over-transmission of the rs7940667 (G361V) C allele in Korean families (p=0.007), a finding replicated in both Asian (p=6.5×10-7) and European families (p=1.6×10-10). Eight SNVs showed strong TDT evidence in larger Asian and European datasets after multiple comparison corrections (p<0.0073). Of these, 4 SNVs (rs7940667, rs7103685, rs7129848, and rs4409845) showed particularly robust association (p<5×10-8). POO analysis revealed significant maternal over-transmission of the rs10790330-A allele in Korean families (p=0.044). This finding was replicated in European families (p=9.0×10-4). Additionally, 3 other SNVs, rs7129848 (p=0.001) and the linked SNVs rs3935406 and rs10892434 (p=0.025), exhibited maternal over-transmission in the validation datasets.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide robust evidence supporting the associations of PVRL1 variants with NSCL/P susceptibility. Further research is necessary to explore the potential clinical applications of these findings.

Summary

Citations

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Investigating SPRY2 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Etiology of Nonsyndromic Orofacial Cleft in the Chinese Han Population
Meng Xi Yang, Shi Jun Duan, Sixuan Jia, Bing Shi, Zhong Lin Jia
The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Effect of the human papillomavirus vaccine on the risk of genital warts: a nationwide cohort study of Korean adolescent girls: Jaeyoung Cho, Eun Mi Kim, Jihye Kim, Ju-Young Shin, Eui Hyeok Kim, Jong Heon Park, Seunghyun Lewis Kwon, Geun-Yong Kwon, Soon-Ae Shin, Jaiyong Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024040. Published online March 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024040

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination administered to adolescent girls through Korea’s National Immunization Program.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included patients who were 12-13 years old, whether vaccinated or unvaccinated, between July 2016 and December 2017. The incidence of genital warts (GWs) was monitored through 2021. Time-stratified hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated, adjusting for birth year, socioeconomic status, and the level of urbanization of the region, and were presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data were sourced from the Immunization Registry Integration System, linked with the National Health Information Database.

RESULTS

The study included 332,062 adolescent girls, with an average follow-up period of approximately 4.6 years. Except for the first year, the HRs for the vaccinated group were lower than those for the unvaccinated group. The HRs for specific cut-off years were as follows: year 2, 0.62 (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.13); year 3, 0.58 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.96); and year 4 and beyond, 0.39 (95% CI, 0.28 to 0.52).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that HPV vaccination was associated with a reduction in the risk of GWs among adolescent girls. Notably, this reduction became significant as the incidence of GWs increased with age.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 후향적 코호트 연구로써, HPV 예방접종이 한국의 여자 청소년에서 생식기사마귀 질환의 위험을 감소시키는 것과 연관성이 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 단기적으로 한국의 국가예방접종 사업은 생식기사마귀 질환에 있어 효과가 있었다고 볼 수 있다. 향후에는 전암성 병변 또는 암 등과 같은 심각한 질환에 대한 백신의 영향을 확인할 필요가 있다.

Key Message
In this retrospective cohort study, our results demonstrated that HPV vaccination is associated with a reduction in the risk of GWs among adolescent girls. In the short term, the NIP of Korea can be considered effective in providing protection against GWs. Future studies need to analyze the impact of vaccines on more serious diseases such as precancerous lesions or cancer.

Citations

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Global status of HPV vaccination two decades in: effective, safe and preventing cancer
Julia M. L. Brotherton, D. Scott LaMontagne, Paul J. N. Bloem
Expert Review of Vaccines.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention and treatment of warts: A clinical review
Michael M. Ong, Rachel C. Blasiak, Elmar A. Joura, Marie I. Joura, Anthony Rossi
JAAD Reviews.2025; 6: 12. CrossRef
Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination
Nicholas Henschke, Hanna Bergman, Brian S Buckley, Emma J Crosbie, Kerry Dwan, Su P Golder, Maria Kyrgiou, Yoon Kong Loke, Heather M McIntosh, Katrin Probyn, Gemma Villanueva, Jo Morrison
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on HPV infection and recurrence of HPV related disease after local surgical treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Qinxue Cao, Yantao Hou, Chaoyang Wang, Juntao Yin, Mehmet Demirci
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0312128. CrossRef

Parental intention to vaccinate daughters with the human papillomavirus vaccine in Korea: a nationwide cross-sectional survey: Yejin Ha, Kyeongmin Lee, Bomi Park, Mina Suh, Jae Kwan Jun, Kui Son Choi; Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023076. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023076

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to identify and compare the characteristics and factors associated with parental intention to vaccinate daughters under 12 years old against human papillomavirus (HPV), examining data from 2016 and 2020.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey conducted in 2016 and 2020. The present study included 3,510 parents with daughters under 12 years old. Changes in parental intention-to-vaccinate rates were calculated. To identify factors associated with parental intention to vaccinate their daughters, the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used.

RESULTS

The percentage of respondents intending to vaccinate their daughters increased from 33.4% in 2016 to 58.9% in 2020, constituting a 25.5 percentage point (%p) increase. Since 2016, the proportion of men expressing positive intention towards HPV vaccination increased by 31.5%p, while that of women demonstrated a 20.9%p increase. Logistic regression analysis indicated that parents with a strong intention to vaccinate their daughters tended to be younger, more educated, and aware of the free vaccination program available, as well as to have a history of HPV vaccination and to have undergone cervical cancer screening within 2 years, compared to those who did not intend to vaccinate. Being a mother with a history of HPV vaccination was the strongest predictor of positive intention to vaccinate a daughter.

CONCLUSIONS

The intention among parents to vaccinate daughters remains relatively low, although it is rising. To increase the HPV vaccination rate, strong recommendations and education should be provided to parents and the younger generation.

Summary

Korean summary
한국정부는 2016년부터 HPV 백신을 국가예방접종사업으로 도입하여 만 12세 여아를 대상으로 무료접종을 실시하고 있다. 12세 여아가 접종대상인만큼 부모의 HPV 백신에 대한 인식과 태도가 실제 예방접종에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 이 연구를 통해 2016년과 2020년을 비교했을 때 딸의 백신접종에 대한 의향이 증가하였음을 알 수 있었고, 특히 HPV 백신접종 경험이 있는 경우 딸의 백신접종에 대한 의향이 유의하게 높음을 확인하였다.

Key Message
In Korea, HPV vaccination was included in the national immunization program in 2016 for 12-year-old girls. The decision to undergo the HPV vaccination is closely associated with their parents’ perceptions of and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine. This study identified that parental intention increased from 2016 to 2020, and maternal history of HPV vaccination was the strongest predictor of positive intention to vaccinate a daughter.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Indonesian Mothers’ Experience of Their Daughter’s HPV Vaccination, and Factors Associated with Their Willingness to Recommend HPV Vaccination for Girls
Setiyani Marta Dewi, Ariane Juliana Utomo, Linda Rae Bennett, Siswanto Agus Wilopo, Anna Barrett
Vaccines.2024; 12(9): 998. CrossRef

The associations of tobacco use, sexually transmitted infections, HPV vaccination, and screening with the global incidence of cervical cancer: an ecological time series modeling study: Luyan Zheng, Yushi Lin, Jie Wu, Min Zheng; Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023005. Published online December 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023005

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to quantify the temporal associations between cervical cancer incidence and cervical cancer-related factors and to predict the number of new cervical cancer cases averted under counterfactual scenarios compared to the status quo scenario.

METHODS

We described temporal trends in cervical cancer and associated factors globally from 1990 to 2019. We then used generalized linear mixed models to explore the impact of tobacco use, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, and cervical screening on cervical cancer incidence. A counterfactual analysis was performed to simulate the most effective scenario for reducing cervical cancer incidence.

RESULTS

The worldwide incidence of cervical cancer showed a downward trend over the past 3 decades (estimated annual percentage change, -0.72%), although the incidence remained high (>30 cases per 100,000 persons) in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Higher smoking and STI prevalence showed significant direct associations with the incidence of cervical cancer, whereas HPV vaccination and screening coverage showed significant inverse associations. If the strategic goals for accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer and tobacco control programs had been achieved in 2019, the largest decrease in the number of new cervical cancer cases would have been observed, with 54,169 fewer new cases of cervical cancer in 2019.

CONCLUSIONS

Our counterfactual analysis found that a comprehensive intervention program emphasizing scaled-up cervical screening coverage (70%), HPV vaccination coverage (90%), and tobacco control (30% relative reduction) would be the most effective program for reducing cervical cancer incidence.

Summary

Key Message
A comprehensive intervention program emphasizing scaled-up cervical screening coverage (70%), HPV vaccination coverage (90%), and tobacco control (30% relative reduction) would be the most effective program for reducing cervical cancer incidence in our counterfactual analysis.

Citations

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Determinants of cervical cancer incidence and mortality: A study on WHO countries
Ferdane Betul Bolukbasi, Bayram Sahin
Health Care for Women International.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Analysis of urinary tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4- (methylnitrosamino)1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanol (NNAL) and HPV infection in American women: National health and nutrition examination survey
Daiwen Liang, Qi Zhang, Wenyu Li, Youkun Lin, Ashis K. Basu
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0304499. CrossRef

Misconceptions and stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey: Desi Suantari; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021094. Published online November 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021094

24,192 View
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Data are not available in Indonesia to measure the main indicators of zero new infections, zero acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths and zero discrimination. This study aimed to determine factors related to misconceptions about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and the stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Indonesia

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The sample was women and men aged 17-45 years and married (n=3,023).

RESULTS

Education and wealth index quintile were significantly related to misconceptions about HIV transmission. Respondents with low levels of education were more likely to have misconceptions about HIV transmission. Respondents who were in the poorest, poorer, middle, and richer quintiles of the wealth index were more likely to have misconceptions about HIV transmission than those in the richest quintile. Educational level, employment status, and wealth index quintile were predictors of stigma against PLWHA.

CONCLUSIONS

There are still many Indonesian people with misconceptions about HIV transmission and stigma against PLWHA. Future studies should focus on educational programs or interventions aimed at increasing public knowledge and awareness, promoting compassion towards PLWHA, and emphasizing respect for the rights of PLWHA. These interventions are particularly important for populations who are uneducated and living in poverty.

Summary

Key Message
Many Indonesians still experience misconceptions about HIV transmission and stigmatize PLWHA. Educational programs or interventions are needed to increase public knowledge and awareness, promoting compassion towards PLWHA, and emphasizing respect for the rights of PLWHA, particularly among the poor and uneducated.

Citations

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Can AIDS education reduce HIV stigma? Evidence from Zimbabwe
Getrude Njokwe, Yoko Kijima
AIDS Care.2025; 37(3): 512. CrossRef
Knowledge About HIV/AIDS and its Transmission and Misconception Among Women in Thailand: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Jahar Bhowmik, Lakma Gunarathne, Sunil Bhar, Udayan Bhowmik, Pragalathan Apputhurai
American Journal of Health Promotion.2025; 39(5): 796. CrossRef
Assessing HIV transmission knowledge and rapid test history among the general population in Iran
Keyvan Karimi, Yosra Azizpour, Maryam Shafaati, Safieh Mohammad Nejad, Reyhaneh Ehsani, Ali Nikfarjam, Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, Samaneh Akbarpour
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Rapid Review of HIV-Related Stigma-Reduction Randomized Controlled Trials
Paul C. J. Berthe, Yanis Ben Amor
AIDS and Behavior.2025; 29(7): 2088. CrossRef
Stigma among healthcare workers in HIV antiretroviral services: A cross‐sectional study in Indonesia
Angga Wilandika, Fatiah Handayani, Salami Salami, Riandi Alfin, Nunik Ayu Elvira
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(7): 721. CrossRef
Misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission among sexually active women in emerging regions of Ethiopia
Wubshet D. Negash, Tadele Biresaw Belachew, Melak Jejaw, Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh, Kaleb Assegid Demissie, Desale B. Asmamaw, Elsa Awoke Fentie, Desalegn Anmut Bitew, Bewuketu Terefe, Rahel Mulatie Anteneh, Lemlem Daniel Buffa, Tadesse Tarik Tamir, Alebach
PLOS One.2025; 20(9): e0331466. CrossRef
Sociodemographic factors influencing HIV transmission misconceptions among young Jordanian men: insights from the 2023 demographic and health survey
Ahmed Mohamed Shahin, Omar Abbas, Mahmoud Shaaban Abdelgalil
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of public stigma towards people with HIV and its impact on HIV testing uptake: A cross‐sectional study in 64 low‐ and middle‐income countries
Ana Mendez‐Lopez, Trenton M. White, María José Fuster‐RuizdeApodaca, Jeffrey V. Lazarus
HIV Medicine.2024; 25(1): 83. CrossRef
The Pandemics of Mass Destruction: A Comparative Analysis of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Robert Kajiita, Simon Kang'ethe
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2024; Volume 17: 889. CrossRef
The Unheard Stories: Experiences of Young People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Dealing with Discrimination in the Philippines
Donna Sombrea, Sofia Liane Santarin, Trixie Gayle Verde, Andrea Tidalgo, Coleen Tolosa
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2024; Volume 16: 33. CrossRef
Real experience of caregivers of patients with HIV/AIDS from the perspective of iceberg theory: a qualitative research
Jie Tang, Jingxia Ren, Huiqun Wang, Min Shi, Xiaofeng Jia, Liman Zhang
BMJ Open.2024; 14(5): e079474. CrossRef
Endorsement of HIV-related stigma among men in Ghana: What are the determinants?
Sulemana Ansumah Saaka, Roger Antabe, Adedayo Ajidahun
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0305811. CrossRef
Determinants of HIV Stigma among Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of 2007, 2012, and 2017 IDHS Data
Shabrina Arifia Qatrannada, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, Cahya Tri Purnami, M.I. Kartasurya, J.-H. Han, K.-H. Tsai, S. Nursheena, S. Changrob, N. Lisnawati, A.F. Asna, N. Handayani, D.Z. Nuridzin
BIO Web of Conferences.2024; 133: 00018. CrossRef
Stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among general adult population: the results from the 6th Thai National Health Examination Survey (NHES VI)
Sineenart Chautrakarn, Parichat Ong-Artborirak, Warangkana Naksen, Aksara Thongprachum, Jukkrit Wungrath, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Scott Stonington, Surasak Taneepanichskul, Sawitri Assanangkornchai, Pattapong Kessomboon, Nareemarn Neelapaichit, Wichai Aekpl
Journal of Global Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factor Associated with HIV/AIDS knowledge among males: Findings from 2017-18 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey
Jamal Abdul Nasir, Muhammad Danish Khan, Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi
Journal of Biosocial Science.2023; 55(6): 1169. CrossRef
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its determinants in India: Findings from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–2021)
Mansi Malik, Siaa Girotra, Debolina Roy, Saurav Basu
Population Medicine.2023; 5(May): 1. CrossRef

Estimated incidence of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in Korea: Jin-Kyoung Oh, Hwa Young Choi, Minji Han, Yuh-Seog Jung, Sang Joon Lee, Moran Ki; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021019. Published online March 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021019

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Abstract Summary PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 and is potentially preventable through vaccination. This study estimated the incidence of juvenile-onset RRP before the implementation of the national HPV vaccination program in Korea.

METHODS

We conducted a cohort study using claims data provided by a mandatory insurance program to estimate the incidence of RRP and associated healthcare use. Patients with juvenile RRP were defined as those aged ≤12 years with ≥2 admissions or ≥2 outpatient visits during which they received the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code for benign neoplasms of the larynx (D14.1).

RESULTS

During 2002-2014, 123 children (74 boys and 49 girls) were diagnosed with RRP. The patients had a mean of 6.5 person-years of follow-up. The incidence was estimated at 0.30/100,000 person-years. The median age at diagnosis was 4.0 years (mean, 4.3). Thirty-six (29.3%) patients underwent surgery, including 23 patients (18.7%) who underwent 2 or more surgical procedures. Severe disease, measured by more frequent surgical procedures and shorter time intervals between consecutive operations, was associated with a younger age at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated incidence of juvenile-onset RRP in Korea was similar to that reported in other countries. The RRP burden should continue to be monitored using National Health Insurance Service claims data.

Summary

Korean summary
재발성호흡기유두종증은 사람유두종바이러스에 의해 발현되는 희귀 질환이다. 건강보험 청구자료를 활용하여 2002년 이후 출생아 전수 중 2014년까지 후두양성종양으로 2회이상 입원 또는 2회이상 외래진료를 받은 어린이 코호트를 관찰하여 재발성호흡기유두종증 발생률을 추정하였다. 총 123명의 재발성호흡기유두종증 환자가 발생하였으며 (발생률 10만인년당 0.30명), 평균 첫 진단시기는 4세인 것으로 나타났다. 2회 이상 수술적 치료를 받은 경우는 18.7%였다.

Key Message
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). We conducted a cohort study using claims data to estimate the incidence of RRP. Patients with juvenile RRP were defined as those aged ≤12 years with ≥2 admissions or ≥2 outpatient visits with diagnosis for benign neoplasms of the larynx. During 2002-2014, 123 children were diagnosed with RRP. The incidence was estimated at 0.30/100,000 person-years. The median age at diagnosis was 4.0 years. Twenty three patients (18.7%) underwent 2 or more surgical procedures.

Citations

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Characteristics of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in China, 2011-2021: A hospital-based nationwide study
Changchang Dun, Yutong Li, Wenbin Lei, Yun Li, Hui Yang, Yalikun Yasen, Nilipaer Alimu, Dapeng Lei, Dongyan Chen, Qingquan Hua, Zhen Xu, Zhe Zhang, Guangke Wang, Weiwei Wang, Li Shi, Xin Wang, Xuelian Zhao, Shangying Hu, Xiaoguang Ni, Jie Zhang, Jun Wang,
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2025; 158: 107972. CrossRef
Descriptive analysis of pediatric laryngeal papillomatosis in Republic of Moldova: epidemiological and clinical characteristics
Daniela Cernev, Vasile Cabac
Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences.2025; 12(4): 34. CrossRef
"A systematic literature review of the epidemiology, clinical, economic and humanistic burden in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis”
Olga Ovcinnikova, Kayla Engelbrecht, Meenu Verma, Rishabh Pandey, Edith Morais
Respiratory Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Global Epidemiology of HPV-Associated Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis and Effect of Vaccination
RY Seedat, FG Dikkers
Future Virology.2022; 17(5): 265. CrossRef

Human papillomavirus: footprints in the population of western India: Ashi Robert Thobias, Kinjal Ankit Patel, Supreet Dhananjay Bhatt, Kruti Ashvinkumar Mehta, Chetana Deepal Parekh, Pariseema Sharad Dave, Prabhudas Shankarbhai Patel; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021013. Published online February 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021013

21,943 View
354 Download
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Abstract Summary PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Cancer is a multi-factorial disease, with various intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to its occurrence. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the occurrence of many cancers. India severely suffers from 3 HPV-associated cancers (cervical cancer, oral cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer). Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the HPV burden in these 3 cancers among patients from the western region of India.

METHODS

DNA was isolated from samples from 400 cervical cancer, 127 oral cancer, and 75 oropharyngeal cancer patients. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using degenerate primers for HPV infection.

RESULTS

Overall, HPV infection was observed in 87% of cervical cancer cases, 12.5% of oral cancer cases, and 26.7% of oropharyngeal cancer cases when analyzed with a cumulative detection method using the MY 09/11, GP 5+/6+, and CP I/II primer sets.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant prevalence of HPV infection was detected in all 3 cancers using the degenerate primer sets. This finding implies that testing for HPV infection using multiple primer sets is crucial for determining its actual prevalence in various malignancies.

Summary

Key Message
The study emphasised the need to screen population of India for HPV infection for better prognosis and disease management and showcases a perfect screening module to efficiently screen the HPV strains.

Citations

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Attributes of HPV associated cancers
Ashi Robert Thobias, Mrugdha Patel, Chirag Vaghela, Prabhudas Shankarbhai Patel
Clinical and Translational Oncology.2025; 27(11): 4131. CrossRef
Systematic Literature Review on the Burden of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Related Diseases in India
De Partha, Rambhad Gautam S , Wu Ying Hui, Sukarom Isaya
Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025; 21(5): 474. CrossRef
Prevalence of human papilloma virus among cervical cancer patients in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Prakasini Satapathy, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Ahmad Neyazi, Laila Qanawezi, Saida Said, Shilpa Gaidhane, Quazi Syed Zahiruddin, Sarvesh Rustagi, Marwan Al-Hajeili, Altaf A. Abdulkhaliq, Ahmed Alsayyah, Hayam A. Alrasheed, Maha F. Al-Subaie, Nawal A. Al Kaa
Medicine.2024; 103(31): e38827. CrossRef

Associations of depression and anxiety with cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV/AIDS in Korea: Kyong Sil Park, Seon Young Hwang, Bo Youl Choi, June Kim, Sang Il Kim, Woo-Joo Kim, Chun Kang; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021002. Published online December 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021002

24,716 View
408 Download
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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
As HIV/AIDS is becoming a chronic disease, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV/AIDS is rising. Anxiety and depression, which are common among people living with HIV/AIDS, have been linked with CVD. This study investigated the risk of CVD in people living with HIV/AIDS and explored the effects of depression and anxiety on CVD risk.

METHODS

Data were collected for 457 people enrolled in the Korea Cohort HIV/AIDS study after 2010. Framingham risk scores were calculated to quantify the 10-year risk of developing CVD. Depression and anxiety variables were re-coded as a single combined variable. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity after entry into the cohort, and depression/anxiety.

RESULTS

Participants with both depression and anxiety were 2.28 times more likely than those with neither depression nor anxiety to have moderate/high-risk CVD risk. The 10-year risk of developing CVD was affected by LDL cholesterol, TG, age, and duration of HIV infection. LDL cholesterol and TG levels change according to the duration of HIV infection, and metabolic disorders affect the risk of CVD. Thus, a longer duration of HIV infection is associated with a higher risk of developing CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

Screenings for depression and anxiety need to be provided regularly to assess the severity of those symptoms. To help decrease their risk of developing CVD, people living with HIV/AIDS should be offered behavioral modification interventions aimed at developing healthy lifestyle habits.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구를 통해 우울과 불안이 심혈관질환 발생위험을 증가시키는 영향요인임을 확인하였다. 따라서, HIV 감염자의 우울과 불안에 대한 정기적인 검사 및 상담이 필요하며, 우울 또는 불안한 환자의 심혈관질환의 발병 위험을 줄이기위해 좋은 생활 습관을 위한 행동 수정 및 동기 부여 교육프로그램의 개발이 필요하다.

Key Message
healthcare providers need to provide motivational education for behavioral modifications to decrease patients’ risk of developing CVD, especially among those with depression or anxiety symptoms.

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Revealing the complexity of depression configurations in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis
Songli Mei, Chengbin Zheng, Leilei Liang, Jian Zhang, Marhaba Kiyum, Junsong Fei, Tongshuang Yuan, Huimin Wang, Jiaying Gao, Xiaoying Liu, Na Du
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
한국 HIV/AIDS 코호트 연구의 과거, 현재, 그리고 미래
윤수 최, 윤정 김, 보영 박, 준용 최, 신우 김, 준영 송, 보율 최, 상일 김
Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(50): 23. CrossRef
Depressive Symptoms and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Among Men and Women with HIV
Claudia Martinez, Nel Jason Haw, Violeta J. Rodriguez, Jorge R. Kizer, Wendy S. Post, Katherine C. Wu, Joao A. C. Lima, Jenni M. Wise, Maria L. Alcaide, Michael Plankey, Deborah Konkle-Parker, Sofia Kozlova, Margaret A. Fischl, Adaora A. Adimora, Matthew
EMJ Cardiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular health (“Life’s Essential 8”), risk of depression and anxiety: a prospective cohort study
Shuzhen Liu, Xiangju Hu, Meijie Jiang, Ninghao Huang, Hailun Liang, Ruimao Zheng, Shuyan Wang, Jian Qin, Zhiyong Zhang, Tao Huang, Xu Gao
npj Cardiovascular Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comorbidities among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida: a network analysis
Shyfuddin Ahmed, Angel B. Algarin, Hsu Thadar, Zhi Zhou, Tanjila Taskin, Krishna Vaddiparti, Karina Villalba, Yan Wang, Nicole Ennis, Jamie P. Morano, Charurut Somboonwit, Robert L Cook, Gladys E. Ibañez
AIDS Care.2023; 35(7): 1055. CrossRef
Elevated frequency and everyday functioning implications of vascular depression in persons with HIV disease
Ilex Beltran-Najera, Andrea Mustafa, Desmond Warren, Zach Salling, Maria Misiura, Steven Paul Woods, Vonetta M. Dotson
Journal of Psychiatric Research.2023; 160: 78. CrossRef
MENTE X CORAÇÃO: AS DOENÇAS PSIQUICAS E AS CONSENQUÊNCIAS CARDIOVASCULARES: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
Beatriz da Silva Araújo, Morgana Gonçalves da Silva
Revista interdisciplinar em saúde.2021; 8(Único): 292. CrossRef

Oral colonization by Candida species and associated factors in HIV-infected patients in Ahvaz, southwest Iran: Elham Aboualigalehdari, Maryam Tahmasebi Birgani, Mahnaz Fatahinia, Mehran Hosseinzadeh; Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020033. Published online May 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020033

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

Objectives
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The most common cause is Candida albicans, followed by non-albicans Candida. This study aimed to identify colonized Candida species in HIV-infected patients from Ahvaz, Iran. Additionally, the relationships between immunity-related factors, lifestyle, and colonization of Candida spp. were studied.

Methods

Oral swabs were taken from 201 HIV-positive patients referred for consultations at the Behavioral Modification Center. Oral Candida colonization was detected using culture-based and molecular assays. Data were assessed by descriptive statistics and analyzed to investigate the correlation between Candida colonization and various factors, including the CD4+ cell count and viral load.

Results

It was found that 43.8% of patients were positive for Candida. The most common species was C. albicans (48.0%), followed by non-albicans Candida isolates, including C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, and C. krusei. Colonization of Candida spp. in patients was associated with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/mm3 (odds ratio [OR], 4.62; p<0.05), history of shared injections (OR, 6.96; p<0.001), and sex (OR, 3.59; p<0.05).

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that C. albicans was the dominant pathogen. The risk factors for colonization of Candida spp. were a CD4 count ≤ 200/mm3 , a history of shared injections, and sex. Other factors with potential relationships include viral load, age, and opportunistic infections, but further investigations are needed.

Summary

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João Pedro Carvalho, Jéssica Rodrigues, Célia Fortuna Rodrigues, José Carlos Andrade, António Rajão
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis among Sero-positive HIV Patients in Southwestern Nigeria
Ismail Akinlade Lawal, Olubunmi Adetokunbo Osinupebi, Oyinlola O. Oduyebo
Nigerian Journal of Medicine.2025; 34(3): 160. CrossRef
Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans Isolates From HIV-Positive Patients with Oral Candidiasis in a Major Referral Hospital, West Java, Indonesia
- Yuliana, Irna Sufiawati, Intan Dewi, Yovita Hartantri
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Antifungal Susceptibility and Candida sp. Biofilm Production in Clinical Isolates of HIV-Positive Brazilian Patients under HAART Therapy
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Maryam Erfaninejad, Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi, Elham Maraghi, Mohammad Hashemzadeh, Mahnaz Fatahinia
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Maryam Erfaninejad, Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi, Elham Maraghi, Mohammad Hashemzadeh, Mahnaz Fatahinia
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Reza Ghasemi, Ensieh Lotfali, Kamran Rezaei, Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad, Mahdi Falah Tafti, Nikta Aliabadi, Ebrahim Kouhsari, Mahsa Fattahi
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2022; 53(4): 1761. CrossRef
HIV-infected patients rarely develop invasive fungal diseases under good immune reconstitution after ART regardless high prevalence of pathogenic filamentous fungi carriage in nasopharynx/oropharynx
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Evaluating maternal and child health indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals in 2018: what is Iran’s position?: Elham Khatooni, Isa Akbarzadeh, Elham Abdalmaleki, Zhaleh Abdi, Elham Ahmadnezhad; Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019045. Published online October 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019045

22,694 View
186 Download
3 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Since many Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were not achieved, countries including Iran—despite achieving some of the MDGs—need regular planning to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This article examines maternal and child health indicators in the early years of the SDGs in Iran relative to several other countries.

METHODS

This study was carried out through a secondary analysis of maternal and child health indicators in Iran. The results were compared with data from other countries divided into three groups: countries with upper-middle income levels, countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and the countries covered by the Outlook Document 1,404 (a regional classification). Then, the relationship between these indicators and the Human Development Index was investigated.

RESULTS

Iran has attained better results than other countries with respect to maternal mortality, family planning, skilled birth attendance, under-5 deaths, incidence of hepatitis B, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination coverage, and antenatal care. In contrast, Iran performed worse than other countries with respect to under-5 wasting, under-5 stunting, and care-seeking behavior for children.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, among the 11 indicators surveyed, Iran has attained better-than-average results and seems to be improving. We recommend that Iran continue interventions in the field of maternal and child health.

Summary

Citations

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The impact of maternal and child health on sustainable development goals: evidence from Turkic Republics (2000–2020)
Gülay Ekinci
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Iranian women's birth experiences: a cross-sectional study
Mona Ghobadi, Farzaneh Pazandeh, Barbara Potrata, Ehsan Kazemnejad Lili
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Sanctions on Iran and their impact on child health*
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Review

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic characterization of human echinococcosis in Iran, an endemic country: Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Davood Anvari, Amir Emami Zeydi, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Ahmad Daryani, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Christine M. Budke, Reza Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji, Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh, Mohammad Hasan Kohansal, Samira Dodangeh, Reza Saberi, Shirzad Gholami; Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019024. Published online June 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019024

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Abstract

Human echinococcosis is an infectious disease caused by tapeworms belonging to the species Echinococcus. This parasite has a worldwide distribution and is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Due to the diversity of Echinococcus spp. hosts, as well as variation in geographical, climatic, and socio-ethnic conditions, the question of the strains or genotypes of Echinococcus spp. that are involved in human infections is important. The aim of this study was to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of Echinococcus obtained from the Iranian population. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and 4 Persian databases (Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and IranDoc) were searched for cross-sectional studies that reported the genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in human echinococcosis cases using molecular methods in Iran through July 2018. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. A total of 559 cases of human cystic echinococcosis were reported in the 21 included articles. The majority of cases belonged to genotype G1 (89.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 80.1 to 95.8), genotype G6 (8.2%; 95% CI, 2.8 to 15.9), and genotype G3 (2.3%; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.9). Since genotype G1 of Echinococcus appears to be the most prevalent genotype affecting humans in Iran, disease control initiatives aimed at sheep intermediate hosts may be the most beneficial. In addition, educational programs and serological screening in individuals may help reduce the national impact of the disease.

Summary

Citations

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Seyed-Hossein Hejazi, Seyed-Reza Mirbadie, Rasool Jafari, Mohammad-Reza Rezaiemanesh, Omid Azizi, Farzad Badmasti, Hamed Kalani, Kourosh Cheraghipour, Peyman Heydarian, Nooshin Hashemi, Shahrokh Izadi, Zahra Jabalameli, Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
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Identification and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from human clinical samples in Guilan province, north of Iran
Masoumeh Gholami Koohestan, Reza Saberi, Ahmad Daryani, Shahabbedin Sarvi, Meysam Sharifdini, Davood Anvari, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Shirzad Gholami
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Rehman Ali, Shahid Nazeer, Malik Muhammad Sohail Elahi, Emmanuel Gideon Idu, Hongteng Zhang, Hossein Mahmoudvand, Shahid Niaz Khan, Jun Yang
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Cystic Echinococcosis in Central Iran: G1 and G6 Genotypes in Patients
Saeed Kargar, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Gilda Eslami, Bahador Hajimohammadi, Ahmad Shirinzadeh, Abdolhamid Amouei, Mohammad Zare, Jamal Jafari-Nedooshan, Naeimeh Heiranizadeh, Mahmood Akhavan Tafti, Salman Ahmadian, Saeedeh Sadat Hosseini, Vahideh Askari, Mary
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Original Articles

Life expectancy of HIV-positive patients after diagnosis in Iran from 1986 to 2016: A retrospective cohort study at national and sub-national levels: Mohammad Mirzaei, Maryam Farhadian, Jalal Poorolajal, Parvin Afasr Kazerooni, Katayoun Tayeri, Younes Mohammadi; Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018053. Published online November 7, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018053

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Little is known about the life expectancy of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Iran. This study therefore aimed to estimate the life expectancy of HIV-positive patients in Iran.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Death Registration System. We included patients aged 20 years and older who had a specified date of diagnosis. We estimated life expectancy and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Chiang’s methodology.

RESULTS

The overall life expectancy at the national level was 23.1 years (95% CI, 22.6 to 23.5). Life expectancy was 21.6 years (95% CI, 21.1 to 22.0) for men and 32.7 years (95% CI, 31.4 to 34.0) for women. The life expectancy of patients who did or did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 37.0 years (95% CI, 36.2 to 37.8) and 15.5 years (95% CI, 15.1 to 15.9), respectively. The life expectancy of patients with or without tuberculosis (TB) was 21.6 years (95% CI, 20.4 to 22.9) and 36.5 years (95% CI, 35.7 to 37.4), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The life expectancy of Iranian HIV-positive patients was found to be very low. To improve their longevity, improvements in ART coverage and the control and treatment of TB are advised.

Summary

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Hassan Matimbwa, Sarah Lolo, Leila Matoy, Regina Ndaki, Suzan Ngahyoma, Henry Mollel, Ezekiel Luoga, Fiona Vanobberghen, John-Mary Vianney, Boniphance Idindili, Maja Weisser
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Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Mohammadamin Abdi, Abedin Iranpour, Hamid Sharifi
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Effects of human and organizational deficiencies on workers’ safety behavior at a mining site in Iran: Mostafa Mirzaei Aliabadi, Hamed Aghaei, Omid Kalatpour, Ali Reza Soltanian, Maryam SeyedTabib; Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018019. Published online May 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018019

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Throughout the world, mines are dangerous workplaces with high accident rates. According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the number of occupational accidents in Iranian mines has increased in recent years. This study investigated and analyzed the human and organizational deficiencies that influenced Iranian mining accidents.

METHODS

In this study, the data associated with 305 mining accidents were analyzed using a systems analysis approach to identify critical deficiencies in organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts, and workers’ unsafe acts. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to model the interactions among these deficiencies.

RESULTS

Organizational deficiencies had a direct positive effect on workers’ violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers’ errors (path coefficient, 0.23). The effect of unsafe supervision on workers’ violations and workers’ errors was also significant, with path coefficients of 0.14 and 0.20, respectively. Likewise, preconditions for unsafe acts had a significant effect on both workers’ violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers’ errors (path coefficient, 0.21). Moreover, organizational deficiencies had an indirect positive effect on workers’ unsafe acts, mediated by unsafe supervision and preconditions for unsafe acts. Among the variables examined in the current study, organizational influences had the strongest impact on workers’ unsafe acts.

CONCLUSIONS

Organizational deficiencies were found to be the main cause of accidents in the mining sector, as they affected all other aspects of system safety. In order to prevent occupational accidents, organizational deficiencies should be modified first.

Summary

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Perspective

National human genome projects: an update and an agenda: Joon Yong An; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017045. Published online October 16, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017045

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Abstract

Population genetic and human genetic studies are being accelerated with genome technology and data sharing. Accordingly, in the past 10 years, several countries have initiated genetic research using genome technology and identified the genetic architecture of the ethnic groups living in the corresponding country or suggested the genetic foundation of a social phenomenon. Genetic research has been conducted from epidemiological studies that previously described the health or disease conditions in defined population. This perspective summarizes national genome projects conducted in the past 10 years and introduces case studies to utilize genomic data in genetic research.

Summary

Korean summary
지난 10년동안, 유전체 해독 기술의 발전과 유전학 데이터 공유로 인해 인간 유전학에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이에 따라, 세계의 몇몇 국가들이 국가 단위의 유전체 연구를 시작했으며, 의생물학 연구 및 해당 국가의 거주민의 유전적 조성을 연구하고 있다. 해당 리뷰에서는 국가 단위의 유전체 연구를 소개함으로써, 향후 우리나라에서 진행할 국가 단위의 유전체 연구에 대한 방향을 제시한다.

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Original Articles

Infectious disease-related laws: prevention and control measures: Mijeong Park; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017033. Published online July 25, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017033

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study examines recently revised Korean government legislation addressing global infectious disease control for public health emergency situations, with the aim of proposing more rational, effective and realistic interpretations and applications for improvement of law.

METHODS

The Korea reported its first laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus on May 20, 2015. Since the first indexed case, Korean public health authorities enforced many public health measures that were not authorized in the law; the scope of the current law was too limited to cover MERS. Korea has three levels of government: the central government, special self-governing provinces, and si/gun/gu. Unfortunately, the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act does not designate the specific roles of each level of government, and does not state how these governmental branches should be vertically integrated in a state of emergency.

RESULTS

When thinking about these policy questions, we should be especially concerned about introducing a new act that deals with all matters relevant to emerging infectious diseases. The aim would be to develop a structure that specifies the roles of each level of government, and facilitates the close collaboration among them, then enacting this in law for the prevention and response of infectious disease.

CONCLUSIONS

To address this problem, after analyzing the national healthcare infrastructure along with the characteristics of emerging infectious diseases, we propose the revision of the relevant law(s) in terms of governance aspects, emergency medical countermeasure aspects, and the human rights aspect.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구의 목적은 2015년 메르스 발생 후, 감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률의 입법경과를 검토하여 감염병으로 인한 공중보건위기 대응과 관련된 법률의 보다 구체적인 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 중앙정부와 지자체의 협력을 위한 거버넌스, 응급상황에서의 긴급의약품 제공을 위한 절차, 격리 대상자의 인권보장과 관련된 부분의 충분한 법적 상당성을 갖추기 위해 국가 보건의료체계 하부구조 측면에서 문제점을 분석한 후 법률 개정방안을 제언하였다.

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Effect of antiretroviral therapy on changes in the fertility intentions of human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective follow-up study: Hussen Mekonnen, Fikre Enquselassie; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017028. Published online July 16, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017028

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
With access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are able to consider childbearing to a greater extent than previously. In many cases, ART has transformed their intentions to have children. The present study aimed to assess changes in fertility intentions 12 months after ART initiation among HIV-positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS

An institution-based follow-up study was conducted among 360 HIV-positive women in Addis Ababa. A logistic regression model was used to assess the influence of socio-demographic, reproductive health, and clinical characteristics on changes in the fertility intentions of women.

RESULTS

Overall, 40.8% (147 of 360) of the women reported that they desired to have a child in the future at the baseline visit, while 48.3% (174 of 360) did so at the 12-month follow-up. The proportion of women who reported that they desired to have a child 12 months after ART initiation was higher among ART-initiated women (55.8%, 106 of 190) than ART-naïve women (40.0%, 68 of 170). The adjusted analysis indicated that a change in fertility intentions between baseline and the follow-up visit was significantly associated with ART use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 5.20) and marital status, with single (aOR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.10 to 25.92) and married (aOR, 6.35; 95% CI, 1.44 to 27.99) women being more likely to report fertility intentions than divorced/widowed women.

CONCLUSIONS

ART use was a significant predictor of change in fertility intentions between the baseline and follow-up visit, which suggests that additional efforts are necessary to integrate family planning and HIV services to address the safe fertility goals of women in the study area.

Summary

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HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2022; Volume 14: 265. CrossRef
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PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0248872. CrossRef
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Agatha K. Bula, Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, John Chapola, L. Chinula, Stacey A. Hurst, Athena P. Kourtis, J. H. Tang
BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Societal and individual drivers of fertility desires and intentions among people living with HIV: a cross sectional study of HIV clinic attendees in Soweto, South Africa
Penelope Chirambira, Sphiwe Madiba, Busisiwe Ntuli
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Leigh F Johnson, Themba Mutemaringa, Alexa Heekes, Andrew Boulle
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Determinants of Fertility Desire among Women Living with HIV in the Childbearing Age Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Case-Control Study
Nigusie Shifera Aylie, Lelisa Sena Dadi, Eshetu Alemayehu, Mengistu Ayenew Mekonn
International Journal of Reproductive Medicine.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
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Bikila Balis
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Zubairu Iliyasu, Hadiza S Galadanci, Ahmad A Zubairu, Taiwo G Amole, Nadia A Sam-Agudu, Muktar H Aliyu
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Survival and predictors of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus patients on anti-retroviral treatment at Jinka Hospital, South Omo, Ethiopia: a six years retrospective cohort study: Erdaw Tachbele, Gobena Ameni; Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016049. Published online November 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016049

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The survival rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving treatment in Ethiopia is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the survival rate and predictors of mortality among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Jinka Hospital, South Omo, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A 6-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using 350 patient records drawn from 1,899 patients on ART at Jinka Hospital from September 2010 to August 2015. The data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier statistics and Cox regression models.

RESULTS

Of the 350 study participants, 315 (90.0%) were censored and 35 (10.0%) died. Twenty-two (62.9%) of the deaths occurred during the first year of treatment. The total follow-up encompassed 1,995 person-years, with an incidence rate of 1.75 deaths per 100 person-years. The mean survival time of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was 30.84±19.57 months. The overall survival of patients on HAART was 64.00% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.85 to 66.21%) at 72 months of follow-up. The significant predictors of mortality included non-disclosure of HIV status (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 5.82; 95% CI, 1.91 to 17.72), a history of tuberculosis (aHR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.41 to 3.51), and ambulatory (aHR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.20 to 8.86) or bedridden (aHR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.30 to 17.27) functional status, World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage IV illness (aHR, 24.97; 95% CI, 2.75 to 26.45), and substance abusers (aHR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.39 to 9.97).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a history of tuberculosis treatment, ambulatory or bedridden functional status, or advanced WHO clinical stage disease, as well substance abusers, should be carefully monitored, particularly in the first few months after initiating antiretroviral therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to disclose their status to their relatives.

Summary

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Haddis Birhanu, Atsede Alle, Molla Yigzaw Birhanu
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Abdi Birhanu, Tariku Dingeta, Moti Tolera
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Abewa Kebede, Fasil Tessema, Gadisa Bekele, Zerihun Kura, Hailu Merga
AIDS Research and Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Nitin Joseph, Ushasti Sinha, Nishtha Tiwari, Pritha Ghosh, Patneedi Sindhu
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Predictors of mortality among adult patients enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy in Hiwotfana specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort study
Eticha Endalkachew Mekonnen
Journal of HIV for Clinical and Scientific Research.2018; : 007. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Mortality among Adult HIV Patients Initiating ART in Rural Setting of HIV Care and Treatment Services in North Western Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef

Review

Human papillomavirus infection and risk of lung cancer in never-smokers and women: an ‘adaptive’ meta-analysis: Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015052. Published online November 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015052

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The incidence of lung cancer in Koreans is increasing in women and in both men and women with a never-smoking history. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been suggested as a modifiable risk factor of lung cancer in never-smokers and women (LCNSW). This systematic review (SR) aimed to evaluate an association between HPV infection and lung cancer risk in LCNSW.

METHODS

Based on a prior SR and some expert reviews, we identified refereed, cited, or related articles using the PubMed and Scopus databases. All case-control studies that reported the odds ratio of HPV infection in LCNSW were selected. An estimate of the summary odds ratio (SOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated.

RESULTS

A total of four case-control studies were included. The fixed-effect model was applied because of homogeneity (I-squared=0.0%). The SORs in women and in never-smokers were 5.32 (95% CI, 1.75 to 16.17) and 4.78 (2.25 to 10.15) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These results showed a significant effect of HPV infection in LCNSW. It is evident that developing a preventive plan against LCNSW may be necessary.

Summary

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Hypothesis

Modifiable risk factors of lung cancer in “never-smoker” women: Jong-Myon Bae; Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015047. Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015047

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

Korean women with a history of never smoking and with adenocarcinoma showed an increasing trend in lung cancer occurrence during 2002 to 2012. The two modifiable factors of never-smoker lung cancer in women are hormone and oncogenic virus infection. Based on previous studies, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection might afford protection or be a risk factor, respectively. It is necessary to perform a pooled analysis of cohort studies to evaluate HRT and never-smoker lung cancer in women and a systematic review of case-control studies to determine the association between HPV infection and never-smoker lung cancer.

Summary

Korean summary
2002년에서 2012년간 폐암 통계를 살펴보면 비흡연 여성에서 선암종의 발생이 크게 증가하는 것으로 확인된다. 이렇게 여성에서 비흡연 폐암발생과 관련한 요인들로는 호르몬 대체요법 (HRT)과 인유두종바이러스 (HPV) 감염이 알려져 있다. 환자-대조군연구를 이용한 메타분석에 따르면 호르몬대체요법은 폐암발생을 억제하는 것으로 나왔다. HPV에 대한 메타분석은 아직 없는 가운데 위험요인으로 의심하고 있다. 따라서 HRT에 대하여는 코호트 연구 결과를 이용한 연합분석 (pooled analysis)이 필요하며, HPV에 대하여는 환자-대조군연구 결과를 이용한 메타분석이 수행될 필요가 있다.

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Review

Human papillomavirus 16 infection as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer: an adaptive meta-analysis: Jong-Myon Bae; Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015005. Published online February 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015005

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Although an expert review published in 2013 concluded that an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and prostate cancer (PCa) risk had not yet been firmly established, a 2011 systematic review of 14 articles revealed an increased prevalence of HPV-16 DNA in PCa tissues. Another meta-analysis of the related articles is needed to evaluate the potential link between HPV infection and PCa risk.

METHODS

A snowballing search strategy was applied to the previously cited articles in the above-mentioned expert review and systematic review. Additional articles selected for this meta-analysis should fulfill all following inclusion criteria: (a) evaluation of detected HPV-16 DNA in tissue samples and the PCa risk and (b) report of the HPV-16 prevalence in both cancer and control tissues. Estimated summary odds ratios (sOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed effect or random-effect models.

RESULTS

Hand searching identified 16 new articles. The sOR of the total 30 articles indicated a significant HPV-16 infection-related increase in the PCa risk (sOR, 1.851; 95% CI, 1.353 to 2.532, I2=37.82%).

CONCLUSIONS

These facts provide additional supportive evidence for a causal role of HPV-16 infection in prostate carcinogenesis. As the PCa incidence rates have increased rapidly in Asian countries, including Korea, during the last several decades, further studies of HPV-related PCa carcinogenesis may be necessary.

Summary

Korean summary
전립선암의 교정가능한 위험요인으로 만성재발성 염증을 야기하는 HPV 감염이 주목받고 있다. 지금까지의 체계적 고찰과 전문가 종설은 뚜렷한 인과성이 없다고 결론내고 있다. 이에 새로이 발표된 관련 논문들을 확보하여 메타분석을 다시 수행하였다. 총 30개의 대상논문에 대한 메타분석을 시행하였을 때, HPV 16 감염이 위험요인임을 확인하였다. (sOR = 1.851, 95% CI: 1.353 – 2.532, I²=37.82%).

Citations

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Original Article

Predictors of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: a case-control study: Leila Molaeipoor, Jalal Poorolajal, Minoo Mohraz, Nader Esmailnasab; Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014024. Published online October 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014024

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection is a major global challenge. It is not clear why some HIV-positive people are co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) while others are not. This study addressed that question.

METHODS

This case-control study was conducted in Tehran, Iran in June 2004, enrolling 2,388 HIV-positive people. Cases were selected from those who were co-infected with TB and controls from those without TB. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and several predictors. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

In this study, 241 cases were compared with 2,147 controls. Sex, age, marital status, educational level, imprisonment, smoking, narcotic use, route of HIV transmission, previous TB infection, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), antiretroviral therapy (ART), and low CD4 count (<350 cells/mm3) were independently associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection (p<0.001). However, after adjusting for all other variables in the model, only the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and the following predictors remained statistically significant: imprisonment (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11-6.90), previous TB infection (OR, 5.54; 95% CI, 1.99-15.39), IPT (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06-0.31), ART (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.26-2.61), and CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.36-4.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Several predictors are associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, but only a few indicators were significantly associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. It is estimated that a number of predictors of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection remain unknown and require further investigation.

Summary

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Case Report

In-Flight Transmission of Novel Influenza A (H1N1): Joon Hyung Kim, Dong-Han Lee, Sang-Sook Shin, Chun Kang, Jin Seok Kim, Byung Yool Jun, Jong-Koo Lee; Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010006. Published online May 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010006

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed two patients, who had taken the same plane from Los Angeles to Seoul, with novel influenza A (H1N1). Through contact tracing, we concluded that the second patient was infected during the flight.

Summary

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Original Article

Diagnostic accuracy of conventional Pap test, liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus DNA testing in cervical cancer screening in Korea: a meta-analysis.: Jin Kyoung Oh, Hai Rim Shin, Gyungyub Gong, Jin Hee Sohn, Shin Kwang Khang; Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):178-187. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.178

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Pap test, liquid-based cytology (LBC), and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing used as screening methods for the early detection of cervical cancer in Korea. Materials and Methods: Articles reporting the sensitivity and specificity of each screening method that were published between 1995 and March 2008 were retrieved from MEDLINE and KoreaMed. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled estimates for the sensitivity and specificity of each method. Only cases with histological confirmation were included, and cervical cancer was defined as samples exhibiting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or worse. In cytological tests, findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse were considered positive.

Results

Of the 24 studies, 15 studies of the Pap test, 3 studies of LBC, and 4 studies of HPV met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that the sensitivity was highest for LBC (92%), followed by HPV testing (83%) and the Pap test (76%), and the specificity of LBC was the highest (79%), followed by the Pap test (76%) and HPV testing (59%). However, except for the sensitivity of LBC (heterogeneity p-value = 0.682), significant heterogeneity was found among the results of the studies (heterogeneity p-value < 0.0001).

Discussion

Due to the significant heterogeneity among the studies, the results of this meta-analysis are limited in representing the accuracy of each test method. The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening methods should be further evaluated.

Summary

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Review

Bioethics and Protection of Personal Information in Experimental Studies.: Ock Joo Kim; Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(1):1-12.

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Abstract PDF: Abstract
Experimental studies involve intervention and manipulation of study elements such as randomization of the participating groups. In general, experimental studies involving human are riskier than observational studies, demanding robust ethical vigilance and compliance among such stakeholders as investigators, sponsors, IRBs and health authorities. Social values of research should be counted as a primary ethical consideration in experimental research. It is unethical to put human subjects into uncertain and risky conditions if the study does not pursue valuable knowledge. Sound scientific design is prerequisite for good ethics. Risk-benefit ratio of the study must be carefully evaluated study. Not only risks from physical harms but also socio-economical and psychological harms from the study should be considered as risk of the study. Risks from the design of the study such as randomization and placebo must be carefully examined. Voluntary informed consent is essential in experimental studies involving human. Human subjects, before they decide to participate in the study, must be informed the followings: risks, benefits, experimental procedures, alternative treatment, compensation for injury, and participants' voluntariness and right to withdraw at anytime. Experimental studies are usually required written consent documentation and full institutional review board (IRB) review. Other elements of experimental research ethics includes special protection for high risk groups and various vulnerable groups, and protection of privacy and confidentiality.; Summary

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