Figure 1Combined association of insulin resistance (IR) assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and adiponectin levels with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in men and women, expressed as multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs).
Table 1General study population characteristics according to adiponectin level
|
Men (n = 17,180)
|
Women (n = 10,369)
|
≥7.4 µg/mL
|
4.7-7.4 µg/mL
|
<4.7 µg/mL
|
p |
≥12 μg/mL
|
7.4-11.9 μg/mL
|
<7.4 µg/mL
|
p
|
Mean±SD |
Mean±SD |
Mean ± SD |
Mean±SD |
Mean±SD |
Mean ± SD |
Age (yr) |
43.3±10.9 |
42.9±9.7 |
43.4±9.0 |
0.017 |
41.9±11.3 |
42.4±10.6 |
43.5±9.8 |
< 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.6±2.8 |
24.4±2.7 |
25.1 ±2.7 |
<0.001 |
21.7±2.8 |
22.3±3.0 |
23.1 ±3.1 |
< 0.001 |
WC (cm) |
81.9±7.8 |
84.3±7.4 |
86.1 ±7.3 |
<0.001 |
71.5±7.6 |
73.7±7.8 |
76.1 ±8.3 |
< 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
121.1 ±13.3 |
122.2 ±13.2 |
123.7±13.0 |
<0.001 |
112.4 ± 14.4 |
113.2±14.6 |
115.0 ± 14.7 |
< 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
76.9±10.3 |
77.7±10.4 |
78.7±10.6 |
<0.001 |
71.0±9.9 |
71.7±10.0 |
72.6±10.5 |
< 0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) |
50.9±9.8 |
48.7± 9.0 |
46.9±9.3 |
<0.001 |
60.0±11.7 |
57.3±11.0 |
54.5±11.0 |
< 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) |
87.2±10.3 |
89.2±10.5 |
92.1 ±10.8 |
<0.001 |
84.0±8.6 |
85.7±9.2 |
88.1 ±9.6 |
< 0.001 |
Insulin ^L U/mL) |
4.4±2.7 |
5.0±3.0 |
5.3±3.3 |
<0.001 |
4.0±2.2 |
4.3±2.5 |
4.8±2.8 |
< 0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
0.9±0.6 |
1.1 ±0.7 |
1.2±0.8 |
<0.001 |
0.8±0.5 |
0.9±0.6 |
1.0±0.7 |
< 0.001 |
|
% |
% |
% |
|
% |
% |
% |
|
|
|
Smoking (yes) |
39.2 |
42.6 |
44.8 |
<0.001 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
0.096 |
Alcohol drinking (yes) |
85.2 |
87.1 |
88.4 |
<0.001 |
50.6 |
47.0 |
45.5 |
< 0.001 |
Exercise (yes) |
63.3 |
63.9 |
63.5 |
0.773 |
47.6 |
49.2 |
48.2 |
0.403 |
IFG (yes) |
11.9 |
15.4 |
22.4 |
<0.001 |
4.4 |
7.4 |
11.5 |
< 0.001 |
Hypertension (yes)* |
19.8 |
22.3 |
25.7 |
<0.001 |
10.3 |
11.7 |
14.2 |
< 0.001 |
FH of diabetes (yes) |
9.9 |
13.0 |
14.9 |
<0.001 |
12.9 |
14.0 |
17.3 |
< 0.001 |
FH of hypertension (yes) |
14.1 |
16.2 |
17.8 |
<0.001 |
18.2 |
19.6 |
22.4 |
< 0.001 |
Table 2Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IFG by tertile of WC, BMI, and adiponectin in men
Variables |
Tertile |
Level |
IFG |
Rate* |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
WC (cm) |
T1 |
<81.0 |
543 |
9.0 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
81.0-86.9 |
860 |
13.2 |
1.42 |
1.24-1.63 |
1.18 |
1.03-1.36 |
|
T3 |
≥87.0 |
1,443 |
18.3 |
1.83 |
1.57-2.15 |
1.31 |
1.11-1.54 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
T1 |
<23.1 |
644 |
10.2 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
23.1 -25.3 |
938 |
13.3 |
0.99 |
0.86-1.12 |
0.84 |
0.73-0.96 |
|
T3 |
≥ 25.4 |
1,264 |
18.6 |
1.13 |
0.97-1.32 |
0.81 |
0.69-0.95 |
Adiponectin ^g/mL) |
T3 |
≥7.4 |
691 |
10.3 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
4.7-7.4 |
869 |
13.2 |
1.26 |
1.13 - 1.41 |
1.20 |
1.07-1.35 |
|
T1 |
< 4.7 |
1,286 |
18.8 |
1.87 |
1.68-2.08 |
1.76 |
1.58-1.97 |
HOMA-IR |
T1 |
<0.73 |
427 |
6.0 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
0.73-1.22 |
834 |
12.4 |
|
|
2.23 |
1.96-2.54 |
|
T3 |
≥ 1.22 |
1,585 |
25.6 |
|
|
5.72 |
5.02-6.52 |
Table 3Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IFG by tertile of WC, BMI, and adiponectin in women
Variables |
Tertile |
Level |
IFG |
Rate* |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
WC (cm) |
T1 |
<70.0 |
116 |
7.2 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
70.0-76.9 |
206 |
5.8 |
1.07 |
0.81-1.42 |
0.98 |
0.73-1.31 |
|
T3 |
â¥77.0 |
483 |
11.1 |
1.60 |
1.17-2.19 |
1.25 |
0.90-1.73 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
T1 |
<20.9 |
132 |
6.4 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
20.9-23.2 |
199 |
6.1 |
0.95 |
0.72-1.24 |
0.85 |
0.64-1.12 |
|
T3 |
⥠23.3 |
474 |
11.0 |
1.30 |
0.96-1.75 |
0.91 |
0.66-1.24 |
Adiponectin µg/mL) |
T3 |
â¥12 |
153 |
4.8 |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
7.4-11.9 |
255 |
7.9 |
1.62 |
1.31-2.01 |
1.52 |
1.22-1.90 |
|
T1 |
<7.4 |
397 |
11.8 |
2.37 |
1.93-2.91 |
2.17 |
1.76-2.68 |
HOMA-IR |
T1 |
<0.63 |
60 |
2.2 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
T2 |
0.63-1.03 |
178 |
5.6 |
|
|
2.94 |
2.17-3.97 |
|
T3 |
â¥1.03 |
567 |
15.9 |
|
|
9.75 |
7.34-12.95 |