Table 1General characteristics of study population
|
Total (n=8,603)
|
Men (n=5,195)
|
Women (n=3,408)
|
Mean±SD |
Mean±SD |
Mean±SD |
Age (yr) |
45.4±9.2 |
45.4±8.9 |
45.3±9.7 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.8±3.0 |
24.6±2.7 |
22.7±2.9 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
81.3±9.2 |
85.3±7.5 |
75.3±8.2 |
SBP (mmHg) |
119.9 ± 14.4 |
123.0± 13.5 |
115.2 ±14.3 |
DBP (mmHg) |
76.2±11.4 |
78.9±11.0 |
72.0±10.7 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) |
93.6±18.0 |
96.1 ±19.2 |
89.8 ±15.3 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
189.3±33.2 |
191.4 ±32.4 |
186.0±34.3 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
127.4±88.9 |
147.5 ±98.6 |
96.9 ±59.8 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
52.9±12.7 |
49.4±11.2 |
58.3 ± 13.1 |
AST (U/L) |
23.0 ±15.4 |
24.8 ±17.9 |
20.2±10.4 |
ALT (U/L) |
24.6±30.4 |
29.3 ±35.6 |
17.4 ±17.9 |
GGT (U/L) |
35.2±42.5 |
45.8 ±47.3 |
19.0 ±26.5 |
Alcohol amount (g/day) |
10.8 ± 21.9 |
16.3±25.9 |
2.5±8.3 |
|
|
Number (%) |
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
Yes |
6,125 (71.2) |
4,609 (88.7) |
1,516 (44.5) |
Smoking |
|
|
|
Non smoker |
4,458 (51.8) |
1,216 (23.4) |
3,242 (95.1) |
Ex smoker |
1,941 (22.6) |
1,873 (36.1) |
68 (2.0) |
Current smoker |
2,204 (25.6) |
2,106 (40.5) |
98 (2.9) |
Table 2Baseline characteristics of study population according to alcohol amount in men (n=5,195)
|
Alcohol amount (g/day)
|
Non-drinkers
(n=975)
|
1-10 (n=2,263) |
11-20 (n=682) |
>20 (n=1,275) |
p value |
Age (yr) |
48.3 ±10.6 |
45.0 ±8.4 |
44.4 ±8.2 |
44.4±8.1 |
<0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
24.5±2.9 |
24.6 ±2.6 |
24.4 ±2.7 |
24.8 ±2.8 |
0.0021 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
84.7 ±7.8 |
85.1 ±7.4 |
84.7 ±7.3 |
86.2±7.7 |
<0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
120.8± 14.2 |
123.2 ±13.5 |
122.5 ± 12.8 |
124.4 ±13.2 |
<0.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) |
77.9±10.6 |
78.3±11.0 |
79.4 ±10.6 |
80.5±11.2 |
<0.0001 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) |
93.6 ±18.9 |
95.3 ±17.6 |
97.2±21.0 |
99.0 ±20.6 |
<0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
188.2 ±32.3 |
189.4 ±30.7 |
191.7 ± 31.8 |
197.4±34.7 |
<0.0001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
141.4 ±96.4 |
142.4±94.5 |
154.4±88.7 |
157.3 ±110.9 |
<0.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
46.8±10.2 |
49.7±10.8 |
49.1±11.4 |
51.0 ± 12.0 |
<0.0001 |
AST (U/L) |
24.6 ±21.3 |
23.4±9.1 |
24.7 ±10.1 |
27.5±27.2 |
<0.0001 |
ALT (U/L) |
30.7 ±33.1 |
27.3 ±17.9 |
28.5±18.4 |
32.1 ±59.6 |
0.0006 |
GGT (U/L) |
33.0 ±32.8 |
41.4 ±38.7 |
48.1 ±43.4 |
62.3±64.9 |
<0.0001 |
Alcohol amount (g/day) |
0.3±0.4 |
4.6±2.5 |
14.2 ± 2.6 |
50.4±33.5 |
<0.0001 |
|
Number (%) |
|
Age (yr) |
|
|
|
|
|
30-39 |
214 (22.0) |
628 (27.7) |
203 (29.8) |
370 (29.0) |
40-49 |
367 (37.6) |
1,049 (46.4) |
303 (44.4) |
604 (47.4) |
50-59 |
229 (23.5) |
444 (19.6) |
142 (20.8) |
234 (18.4) |
≥60 |
165 (16.9) |
142 (6.3) |
34 (5.0) |
67 (5.3) |
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
Non smoker |
366 (37.5) |
555 (24.5) |
122 (17.9) |
173 (13.6) |
Ex smoker |
336 (34.5) |
820 (36.2) |
247 (36.2) |
470 (36.8) |
Current smoker |
273 (28.0) |
888 (39.3) |
313 (45.9) |
632 (49.6) |
Exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
512 (62.0) |
1,070 (64.7) |
334 (58.3) |
576 (56.3) |
Table 3Baseline characteristics of study population according to alcohol amount in women (n=3,408)
|
Alcohol amount (g/day)
|
Non-drinker
(n=2,410)
|
1-10 (n=800) |
11-20 (n=108) |
>20 (n=90) |
p value |
Age (yr) |
46.7±9.9 |
42.0±8.1 |
42.0 ±9.3 |
42.5±9.0 |
<0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
22.8±2.9 |
22.4±2.8 |
22.0 ±2.9 |
22.7±3.6 |
0.0038 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
75.6±8.2 |
74.7±7.7 |
73.7 ±8.3 |
77.2± 10.1 |
0.0016 |
SBP (mmHg) |
115.2 ± 14.6 |
114.5 ± 13.2 |
115.6 ± 15.9 |
119.1 ±15.5 |
0.0398 |
DBP (mmHg) |
72.0±10.9 |
71.5 ± 10.0 |
73.4±11.7 |
75.7±11.5 |
0.0029 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) |
89.7 ±16.1 |
89.7±13.6 |
90.5±14.3 |
92.7±8.5 |
0.2990 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
186.8 ±34.6 |
184.2±33.8 |
184.1 ±31.3 |
182.7±32.6 |
0.1978 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
100.9 ±62.0 |
85.3 ±52.6 |
88.3±38.7 |
103.6±64.0 |
<0.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
57.0±12.6 |
61.0 ± 13.2 |
63.0 ±14.9 |
62.8±14.9 |
<0.0001 |
AST (U/L) |
20.5 ± 11.3 |
19.3±6.2 |
19.7±6.9 |
20.9 ±5.4 |
0.0271 |
ALT (U/L) |
18.0±20.7 |
15.8±8.0 |
14.9±6.9 |
17.5±8.6 |
0.0097 |
GGT (U/L) |
18.6 ±28.8 |
18.5 ± 14.8 |
21.0±25.4 |
33.1 ±39.0 |
<0.0001 |
Alcohol amount (g/day) |
0.2±0.3 |
3.5±2.3 |
13.9±2.4 |
41.6±26.5 |
<0.0001 |
Number (%) |
Age (yr) |
|
|
|
|
|
30-39 |
665 (27.6) |
365 (45.6) |
53 (49.1) |
|
41 (45.5) |
40-49 |
888 (36.9) |
297 (37.1) |
37 (34.3) |
|
35 (38.9) |
50-59 |
540 (22.4) |
102 (12.8) |
13 (12.0) |
|
7 (7.8) |
≥60 |
317 (13.1) |
36 (4.5) |
5 (4.6) |
|
7 (7.8) |
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
Non smoker |
2,345 (97.3) |
741 (92.6) |
92 (85.2) |
|
64 (71.1) |
Ex smoker |
34 (1.4) |
22 (2.8) |
7 (6.5) |
|
5 (5.6) |
Current smoker |
31 (1.3) |
37 (4.6) |
9 (8.3) |
|
21 (23.3) |
Exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1,012 (50.6) |
309 (55.5) |
47 (49.5) |
|
28 (41.8) |
Table 4Odds ratios (95% CI) of central obesity according to levels of alcohol consumption
Alcohol amount (g/day) |
n |
Crude
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
Men (n=5,195) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinker |
975 |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1-10 |
2,263 |
1.13 |
0.95-1.34 |
1.20 |
1.00-1.43 |
1.20 |
0.98-1.47 |
11-20 |
682 |
1.04 |
0.83-1.30 |
1.11 |
0.89-1.40 |
1.11 |
0.85-1.44 |
>20 |
1,275 |
1.39 |
1.15-1.68 |
1.50 |
1.24-1.81 |
1.35 |
1.08-1.70 |
Women (n=3,408) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinker |
2,410 |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1-10 |
800 |
0.78 |
0.61-0.99 |
1.15 |
0.88-1.49 |
1.27 |
0.91-1.76 |
11-20 |
1 08 |
0.85 |
0.47-1.54 |
1.21 |
0.65-2.24 |
0.71 |
0.28-1.83 |
>20 |
90 |
1.45 |
0.84-2.49 |
2.10 |
1.19 -3.70 |
2.58 |
1.30-5.10 |