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Original Articles
Association between secondhand smoke exposure and incidence of metabolic syndrome: analyses of Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) data
Seungmi Choi, Sanghyuk Bae
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025041.   Published online July 29, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025041
  • 2,642 View
  • 47 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Secondhand smoke exposure remains a major public health concern and is linked to various chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although smoking rates have declined, exposure to secondhand smoke remains common and poses significant health risks to non-smokers. This study investigated the association between secondhand smoke exposure and the incidence of MetS using longitudinal data from a community-based cohort in Korea.
METHODS
We utilized data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, collected biennially between 2001 and 2020. Of 10,030 adults aged 40-69 years, a total of 3,042 never-smokers without pre-existing MetS were included. Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for potential confounders.
RESULTS
During follow-up, 638 participants in the secondhand smoke exposure group developed MetS. Those exposed to secondhand smoke had a significantly higher risk of developing MetS compared to the non-exposed group (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.27). Among MetS components, secondhand smoke exposure was significantly associated with increased risks of hypertension (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.28) and hyperglycemia (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.37). Although home exposure was not significantly associated with MetS risk, workplace exposure to secondhand smoke demonstrated a dose-response relationship according to exposure frequency and duration.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that secondhand smoke exposure may increase the risk of developing MetS. These results underscore the importance of strengthening regulations on secondhand smoke in public places and raising social awareness of its detrimental effects on non-smokers.
Summary
Korean summary
40–69세 한국 성인 비흡연자 3,042명을 대상으로 한 지역사회 기반 코호트 연구에서, 간접흡연 노출은 대사증후군 발생 위험을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 고혈압과 고혈당 위험이 증가했으며, 직장 내 간접흡연 노출은 노출 빈도와 기간에 따른 용량-반응 관계를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 비흡연자를 보호하기 위한 간접흡연 규제 강화와 사회적 인식 제고의 필요성을 강조한다.
Key Message
In a community-based Korean cohort of 3,042 never-smokers aged 40–69 years, secondhand smoke exposure was associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Risks were particularly elevated for hypertension and hyperglycemia, and workplace exposure showed a dose-response relationship. These findings highlight the need for stronger regulations and public awareness to protect non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2021
Sung-Bin Hong, Ji-Eun Kim, Seung Seok Han, Joseph J. Shearer, Jungnam Joo, Ji-Yeob Choi, Véronique L. Roger
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025005.   Published online February 14, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025005
  • 13,172 View
  • 344 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently defined cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome to better characterize the associations among cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. Although about 9 in 10 United States adults have at least 1 risk factor for CKM syndrome, its prevalence in other populations is less understood. To fill this gap, we examined the prevalence of CKM syndrome in Korea and its association with demographic and socioeconomic status (SES).
METHODS
Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2011 and 2021, we calculated the prevalence of CKM syndrome across the following stages: stage 0 (no risk factors), stage 1 (excess or dysfunctional adiposity), stage 2 (other metabolic risk factors or chronic kidney disease), and stages 3-4 (subclinical/clinical cardiovascular diseases) among adults aged ≥20 years. Weighted analyses were used to estimate prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each CKM syndrome stage, stratified by age, gender, and SES factors.
RESULTS
Among 54,994 Korean adults, the prevalence of CKM syndrome was as follows: stage 0 (25.2%; 95% CI, 24.7 to 25.8), stage 1 (19.3%; 95% CI, 18.9 to 19.7), stage 2 (51.6%; 95% CI, 51.1 to 52.2), and stages 3-4 (3.9%; 95% CI, 3.7 to 4.0). The prevalence of stages 2 and 3-4 was higher in men than in women. In addition, stages 3-4 were more prevalent among rural residents and those with lower education or income.
CONCLUSIONS
About 3 out of 4 Koreans are at risk for CKM syndrome. These findings highlight that CKM syndrome is a global health problem and that interventions are urgently needed to prevent further progression.
Summary
Korean summary
최근, 심장-신장-대사 증후군을 하나로 묶어 관리하는 것의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구 결과 20세 이상의 한국 성인들의 74.8%가 심장-신장-대사 증후군의 위험군에 속해 있었다. 또한 그 정도가 증가하는 추세로 나타나 적절한 관리가 필요해 보인다.
Key Message
Recently, the need for an integrated approach to managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has been emphasized. This study found that 74.8% of Korean adults aged 20 and older had a risk for CKM syndrome. Moreover, the prevalence is increasing, highlighting the necessity of proper management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Residual cholesterol inflammatory index and its prognostic role in mortality among individuals with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome stages 0–3 based on U.S. and Chinese national cohorts
    Shouxin Wei, Sijia Yu, Chuan Qian, Zhengwen Xu, Yindong Jia
    European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship between estimated pulse wave velocity trajectories and cardiovascular disease risk in patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0–3
    Tingting Chen, Huangyi Yin, Yubo Zhou, Min Liang
    Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2025; 35(11): 104192.     CrossRef
  • The Reply
    Ji-Eun Kim, Véronique L. Roger, Joseph J. Shearer
    The American Journal of Medicine.2025; 138(8): e163.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome in Lithuanian Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Real-World Study Using Electronic Health Records
    Gediminas Urbonas, Indrė Čeponienė, Inga Arūnė Bumblytė, Marius Miglinas, Lina Gatelytė, Živilė Steponkutė, Aušra Degutytė, Ingrida Grabauskytė, Džilda Veličkienė
    Medicina.2025; 61(12): 2106.     CrossRef
  • Data-driven cluster analysis identifies distinct types of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
    Mengge Yang, Chang Su, Xiaona Chang, Guang Wang, Jia Liu
    European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Stage-specific risks of mortality and renal outcomes in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: findings from a nationwide Japanese cohort
    Kenta Fujimoto, Masao Kikuchi, Michikazu Nakai, Tsuneo Konta, Kunitoshi Iseki, Kazuhiko Tsuruya, Kunihiro Yamagata, Ichiei Narita, Toshiki Moriyama, Yugo Shibagaki, Masato Kasahara, Masahide Kondo, Koichi Asahi, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Koichi Kaikita, Shouichi
    Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Prospective association between handgrip strength in childhood and the metabolic syndrome score and insulin resistance indices in adolescence: an analysis based on the Ewha Birth and Growth Study
Seunghee Jun, Hyunjin Park, Hyelim Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Young Sun Hong, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025001.   Published online January 2, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025001
  • 10,032 View
  • 177 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Low handgrip strength (HGS) in children and adolescents might be associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance. This study prospectively evaluated the association between HGS in childhood and MetS in adolescence.
METHODS
Based on data from the Ewha Birth and Growth Study, this study analyzed HGS at ages 7 to 9 and metabolic indices at ages 13 to 15. In total, 219 participants were analyzed. The risk of MetS was evaluated using the continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS), and insulin resistance was assessed using fasting blood insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Relative HGS in childhood was determined by dividing HGS by body weight and categorized as sex-specific quartiles.
RESULTS
This study found an inverse association between relative HGS levels in childhood and MetS and insulin resistance in adolescence. For each 1-group increase in relative HGS quartiles, cMetS (standarard [Std] β=-0.64, p<0.01), HOMA-IR (Std β=-0.21, p<0.01), and fasting blood insulin (Std β=-0.21, p<0.01) all decreased on average. These associations remained significant even after adjusting for confounding factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study showed a prospective association between HGS in childhood and the risk of MetS and insulin resistance in adolescence. It provides significant epidemiological evidence, emphasizing the importance of efforts to increase muscle strength from a young age to mitigate the risk of MetS and insulin resistance in adolescence.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 소아기 악력 수준이 청소년기의 대사증후군 및 인슐린 저항성과 연관이 있음을 발견했음. 이러한 결과는 소아기 근력 향상이 향후 대사 위험을 완화하는데 중요함을 강조함.
Key Message
This study found that higher childhood relative handgrip strength was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in adolescence. The findings emphasize the importance of enhancing muscle strength early in life to mitigate metabolic risks.
Gender-specific associations among neck circumference, the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism, and the 14-year risk of metabolic syndrome in the Korean adult population
Inkyung Baik
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024072.   Published online August 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024072
  • 7,615 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Limited data exist on the relation between neck circumference (NC) and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS). This study investigated gender-specific associations between NC and the 14-year risk of MS and explored the impact of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on these associations.
METHODS
This population-based prospective cohort study involved 2,666 participants (1,301 men and 1,365 women), who were free of MS at baseline (2005-2006). Incident MS cases, defined by the presence of 3 or more criteria regarding blood pressure and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were identified through biennial examinations until 2020. NC measurements taken at baseline and between 2013 and 2014 were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression to determine gender-specific associations with MS risk.
RESULTS
Controlling for potential confounders such as waist circumference (WC), significant associations were observed in both genders. Individuals in the highest NC quartile exhibited more than a 2-fold higher MS risk than those in the lowest quartile; with hazard ratios of 2.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74 to 3.22) for men and 2.65 (95% CI, 1.89 to 3.72) for women (p for trend <0.001). No significant interaction was found between the <i>FTO</i> polymorphism and NC. In diagnostic test analyses, NC and WC demonstrated comparable area under the curve values in both genders.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that NC is as effective as WC for predicting the incidence of MS.
Summary
Korean summary
허리둘레는 고혈압, 고혈당, 고지혈증의 위험과 밀접한 관련성을 나타내므로, 대사증후군의 구성 요소로 사용되어 왔다. 하지만 허리둘레 측정 시 피험자의 복장, 자세, 공복 및 식후 상태, 호흡 상태에 따라 측정 오차가 발생한다고 알려졌다. 본 연구는 한국 성인을 대상으로 14년간 진행된 전향적 코호트 연구 자료를 분석하여 목둘레가 허리둘레를 대신해서 대사증후군 위험을 예측할 수 있다는 결과를 확인하였다.
Key Message
Waist circumference has served as an anthropometric component of metabolic syndrome based on data regarding close associations with high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. However, measurement errors of waist circumference due to the subject’s clothing, posture, fasting or postprandial state, and respiratory phase have been pointed out. This 14-year prospective cohort study including Korean adults has revealed that neck circumference can serve as a comparative indicator to waist circumference for predicting metabolic syndrome risk.
Systematic Review
Handgrip strength thresholds associated with metabolic syndrome risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hye Ah Lee, Seunghee Jun, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024047.   Published online April 24, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024047
  • 10,429 View
  • 137 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Certain studies have reported that handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with metabolic health risks in children and adolescents, and some studies have suggested HGS thresholds for identifying poor metabolic health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the HGS thresholds associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents through a systematic review.
METHODS
We searched 3 electronic databases from their inception until October 2023 to identify original papers that focused on children and adolescents and assessed their risks of MetS according to specific HGS values. Studies were selected for inclusion through a planned screening process based on specific criteria. The Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 (QUADAS-2) was used to evaluate quality, and a meta-analysis was performed using the diagmeta R package to suggest the optimal thresholds.
RESULTS
From the search, 8 studies were selected for this systematic review. For detecting MetS risk, the optimal threshold for HGS (defined as relative HGS by adjusting for body mass) was found to be 0.422, with a sensitivity of 76.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.0 to 85.8) and a specificity of 62.9% (95% CI, 56.9 to 68.5). The stratification analysis by sex resulted in optimal thresholds of 0.416 for boys and 0.376 for girls. Additionally, when the data were stratified by age, the thresholds were 0.356 for children and 0.416 for adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide practical information for detecting high-risk groups and encouraging strength-related activities that may reduce the risk of MetS in children and adolescents.
Summary
Korean summary
- 본 연구는 체계적 고찰 및 메타 분석을 수행하여 아동 및 청소년의 대사 증후군(MetS) 위험을 감지하기 위한 최적의 악력 임계값을 제안했습니다. - 본 연구 결과는 아동 및 청소년의 대사 증후군(MetS) 위험을 줄이기 위해 근력 관련 활동이 필요한 고위험군을 식별하는 데 사용할 수 있으므로 1차 임상 및 공공 의료에 실용적인 정보를 제공합니다.
Key Message
- This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to propose the optimal handgrip strength (HGS) threshold for detecting the risk of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. - The results provide practical information for primary clinical and public healthcare, as they can be used to identify high-risk groups in need of strength-related interventions to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Handgrip Strength Thresholds to Detect Cardiometabolic Risk in Youth: Cross‐Sectional Study and Meta‐Analysis
    Antonio García‐Hermoso, Rodrigo Yáñez‐Sepúlveda, Ignacio Hormazábal‐Aguayo, Jacinto Muñoz‐Pardeza, Vicente Martínez‐Vizcaíno, Juan Hurtado‐Almonacid, Yasmin Ezzatvar
    Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Disability-Related Disparities in Preventive Healthcare Access in South Korea: Insights From National Health Insurance Data
    Sujin Kim, Boyoung Jeon
    International Journal of Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Trends and distributional characteristics in handgrip strength of 1,082,296 children and adolescents in China: an analysis from five representative cross-sectional surveys from 2000 to 2019
    Ziteng Li, Chengyue Li
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
Association of insomnia and daytime napping with metabolic syndrome and its components in a Korean population: an analysis of data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Da-Been Lee, Dae-Wui Yoon, Inkyung Baik
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024031.   Published online February 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024031
  • 12,908 View
  • 145 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We investigated the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the coexistence of insomnia and daytime napping, because limited data have been reported regarding this association.
METHODS
The study population was 8,440 participants aged 40-65 years, who were from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Self-reported information on insomnia symptoms and nap duration was used to define exposure variables. Data on waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in blood were used to define MetS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the coexistence of insomnia and napping was not significantly associated with MetS. However, the insomnia and non-napping group showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.39) and high BP (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.49) than the non-insomnia and non-napping group. The combination of non-insomnia and napping and that of insomnia and napping showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.29) and high FBG (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.21), respectively. In analyses of insomnia symptoms, only the combination of difficulty in maintaining sleep (DMS) and non-napping showed a higher OR for MetS (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.52) than the non-DMS and non-napping group.
CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with insomnia, particularly those who do not take naps, were disproportionately likely to have MetS components, especially TG or BP. Information on these variables may help predict individuals’ vulnerability to specific MetS components.
Summary
Korean summary
- 불면증과 대사증후군 구성요소와의 유의한 연관성은 낮잠의 유무에 따라 달라진다.
- 낮잠을 자지 않는 불면증 환자는 대사증후군의 구성요소 중 특히 고중성지방이나 고혈압의 위험성이 높아진다.
Key Message
• The significant association of insomnia with MetS components varies with the presence or absence of napping.
• Individuals with insomnia who do not take naps were likely to have MetS components, especially TG or BP.

Citations

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  • Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, but Not Insomnia Is Associated With Dyslipidaemia in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Participating in ESADA
    Andras Bikov, Sebastien Bailly, Ulla Anttalainen, Tarja Saaresranta, Ozen K. Basoglu, Sophia Schiza, Izolde Bouloukaki, Pawel Sliwinski, Athanasia Pataka, Dries Testelmans, Francesco Fanfulla, Haralampos Gouveris, Ludger Grote, Stefan Mihaicuta
    Journal of Sleep Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Higher energy consumption in the evening is associated with increased odds of obesity and metabolic syndrome: findings from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (7th KNHANES)
Sarang Jeong, Hajoung Lee, Sukyoung Jung, Jee Young Kim, Sohyun Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023087.   Published online September 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023087
  • 15,616 View
  • 233 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Chrono-nutrition emphasizes meal timing in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. This study explores the impact of temporal dietary patterns (TDPs) on obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults aged 20 years to 65 years.
METHODS
We utilized dynamic time warping method and Kernel k-means clustering to investigate diet quality and the odds ratios (ORs) of obesity and MetS with different TDPs using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
RESULTS
Participants were divided into three groups based on relative energy intake over 24 hours. After adjusting for age and gender, Cluster 3 (with the highest proportion of energy intake in the evening) had the lowest Healthy Eating Index scores compared to other clusters. Following adjustment for key covariates, Cluster 3 showed the highest values for body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Compared to Cluster 1 (with a lower proportion of energy intake in the evening), Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 had ORs for obesity of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 1.30) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.37), respectively. For MetS, the ORs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.48) and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.61) when comparing Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 to Cluster 1.
CONCLUSIONS
This study reveals that individuals with higher energy intake in the evening have increased odds of obesity and MetS, even after adjusting for major covariates, including age and total energy intake.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 하루 중 주요 에너지 섭취 사간에 따른 인구사회학적 특징과 건강지표의 상관성을 분석하였다. 제 7기 국민건강영양조사의 20~65세의 한국 성인을 대상으로 Dynamic Time Warping 방법을 이용하여 군집을 나누어 분석한 결과, 하루 중 저녁시간에 에너지 섭취가 높은 그룹이 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 연령이 낮고, 흡연자, 음주자, 스트레스를 느끼는 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 또한, 저녁에 에너지 섭취 비율이 높은 그룹이 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 체질량지수, 허리둘레, 혈압, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방이 높았으며, 식생활 평가 지수가 가장 낮았다. 마지막으로 하루 섭취하는 총 에너지 양과 생활습관 변수를 보정하고도 저녁에 섭취하는 에너지가 많은 그룹은 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 비만 및 대사 증후군 유병이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다.
Key Message
• This study examined the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and health indicators based on the timing of major energy intake during the day. • Using the Dynamic Time Warping method, the analysis revealed that the group with higher evening energy intake was younger and had a higher proportion of smokers, alcohol consumers, and individuals experiencing stress. • Additionally, the group with higher evening energy intake exhibited higher levels of obesity and metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for total daily energy intake and lifestyle variables.

Citations

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  • Dietary calcium intake in relation to metabolic syndrome in adults: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies with GRADE assessment
    Roxana Nematbakhsh, Parisa Rouhani, Parvane Saneei
    Obesity Reviews.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association
    Seth S. Martin, Aaron W. Aday, Norrina B. Allen, Zaid I. Almarzooq, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Pankaj Arora, Christy L. Avery, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Nisha Bansal, Andrea Z. Beaton, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Maria E. Currie, Mitchell S.V. Elkind, Wenjun Fan, G
    Circulation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Circadian and temporal eating patterns in relation to metabolic syndrome in Iranian women
    Azadeh Lesani, Mansooreh Sadat Mojani-Qomi
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interaction between chronotype and ultra-processed food intake on triglyceride-glucose index in Korean adults
    Sarang Jeong, Eunjin Jang, Sukyoung Jung, Jinhyun Kim, Minjeong Jeong, Dahye Han, Sohyun Park
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(4): 591.     CrossRef
  • Association of Dietary Fiber and Measures of Physical Fitness with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
    Ming-Zhen Su, Suyeon Lee, Dayeon Shin
    Nutrients.2024; 16(6): 888.     CrossRef
  • Advances in Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic Syndrome
    Yu Gao, Wujuan Li, Xiaoyu Huang, Yuhong Lyu, Changwu Yue
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(5): 851.     CrossRef
Socioeconomic inequalities in metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of Iranian Kurdish adults
Pardis Mohammadzadeh, Farhad Moradpour, Bijan Nouri, Farideh Mostafavi, Farid Najafi, Ghobad Moradi
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023083.   Published online September 3, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023083
  • 15,049 View
  • 135 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The worldwide incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased in recent decades. In this study, we investigated the socioeconomic inequalities associated with MetS and its components in a sample of the Iranian Kurdish population.
METHODS
We used data from 3,996 participants, aged 35 years to 70 years, from the baseline phase of the Dehgolan Prospective Cohort Study (February 2018 to March 2019). The concentration index and concentration curve were used to measure inequality and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method was used to examine the contribution of various determinants to the observed socioeconomic inequality in MetS and its components.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MetS was 34.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.97 to 35.93). The prevalence of MetS was 26.18% for those in the highest socioeconomic status (SES), compared with 40.51% for participants in the lowest SES. There was a significant negative concentration index for MetS (C=-0.13; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.09), indicating a concentration of MetS among participants with a lower SES. The most prevalent component was abdominal obesity (59.14%) with a significant negative concentration index (C=-0.21; 95% CI, -0.25 to -0.18). According to decomposition analysis, age, gender, and education were the highest contributing factors to inequality in MetS and its components.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed socioeconomic inequality in MetS. People with a low SES were more likely to have MetS. Therefore, policymakers and health managers need to develop appropriate strategies to reduce these inequalities in MetS across age groups, genders, and education levels, especially among women and the elderly.
Summary
Key Message
This study sheds light on the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Iranian Kurds. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher prevalence of MetS and its components. Addressing these socioeconomic factors is crucial to reduce health inequalities. Recognizing this association helps us understand the social determinants of health and design targeted interventions. Policymakers and health managers should prioritize developing strategies to reduce these inequalities in MetS across different age groups, genders, and educational levels, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations like women and the elderly.

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  • The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Based on Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits in Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Study
    Pedro Javier Tárraga Marcos, Ángel Arturo López-González, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, Hernán Paublini Oliveira, Cristina Martorell Sánchez, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent
    Life.2025; 15(1): 81.     CrossRef
  • The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its economic inequality in an elderly population
    Farid Fotouhi, Hassan Hashemi, Abbasali Yekta, Mahtab Niroomand, Mehrdad Esmaeili, Reza Norouzirad, Nasim Vaghefi, Mehdi Khabazkhoob
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Cristian C. MARTÍNEZ, Daniel ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, Daniel A. NIEVA-POSSO, Marcela QUINTERO SANTACRUZ
    La Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study
Joo-Eun Jeong, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Kye-Yeung Park, Myoung-Hye Lee, Seon-Hi Shin, Nayeon Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023081.   Published online August 29, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023081
  • 18,844 View
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  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Studies evaluating weight changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have yielded inconsistent results, and most of those studies were based on self-reported anthropometric measures. We investigated changes in body mass index (BMI), professionally measured waist circumference (WC), and metabolic syndrome components from before to during the pandemic in a sample of the adult population in Korea.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 1,118 male and female (age≥18 years) who underwent health checkups at a university medical center between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2022. Changes in BMI, lifestyles, and metabolic syndrome components during the pandemic were analyzed using the paired t-test, McNemar test, generalized estimating equations, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.
RESULTS
Changes in body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage during the pandemic were not clinically significant. However, statistically significant results were found for decreased physical activity (p<0.001) and WC (p<0.001), and exacerbation of all metabolic syndrome components (except serum triglyceride levels). Moreover, the metabolic syndrome prevalence increased significantly from 20.2% to 31.2% during the pandemic (p<0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity and high fasting blood glucose levels also significantly increased from 2019 to 2021.
CONCLUSIONS
Metabolic syndrome, its components, and fat distribution worsened significantly after the implementation of social distancing and lockdowns, despite no clinically significant changes in body weight and BMI. Further studies on the post- pandemic period should investigate the long-term impact of social lockdowns on BMI and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구에서는 한국인 성인들의 코로나 팬대믹으로 인한 사회적 거리 두기, 봉쇄 정책 전 후의 체질량지수, 생활습관, 그리고 대사증후군과 그 구성 요소들의 변화를 건강검진을 통해 측정한 객관적인 지표의 변화를 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 사회적 거리 두기 및 봉쇄 전후의 체질량지수와 체중은 유의미한 변화가 없었으나, 신체 활동량은 유의미하게 감소하였고, 체지방률, 허리둘레가 늘어났다. 그리고 중성지방을 제외하고 다른 대사증후군의 구성 요소인 혈압, 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤, 공복혈당 지표는 악화되었다. 하위 그룹 분석에서 매년 검진을 시행 받은 대상자들 및 고혈압, 당뇨병, 이상지질혈증 약을 복용하지 않는 대상자들의 코로나-19 전후 연도별 대사 지표의 변화를 분석한 결과, 복부비만 유병률과 공복 혈당의 증가 양상이 뚜렷하였다.
Key Message
Although there was no significant change in BMI and weight, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and fasting blood glucose level prominently worsened after the implementation of social distancing and lockdowns. Such findings may indicate deterioration of insulin resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides valuable information for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public towards mitigating the negative consequences of the pandemic on metabolic health, regardless of weight gain.

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Associations of cumulative average dietary total antioxidant capacity and intake of antioxidants with metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults aged 40 years and older: a prospective cohort study (KoGES_CAVAS)
Ji-Sook Kong, Jiseon Lee, Youngjun Kim, Hye Won Woo, Min-Ho Shin, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi Kyung Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023067.   Published online July 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023067
  • 15,786 View
  • 156 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Limited and inconsistent prospective evidence exists regarding the relationship of dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and antioxidant intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. We evaluated the associations of the cumulative averages of dTAC and antioxidant intake (in 5 classes: retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and flavonoids, as well as 7 flavonoid subclasses) with the risk of MetS.
METHODS
This study included 11,379 participants without MetS, drawn from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study_CArdioVascular disease Association Study (KoGES_CAVAS). The cumulative average consumption was calculated using repeated food frequency questionnaires. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using a modified Poisson regression model with a robust error estimator.
RESULTS
The median follow-up period was 5.16 years, and 2,416 cases of MetS were recorded over 58,750 person-years. In men, significant inverse associations were observed in all 5 antioxidant classes, except for the highest quartile of dTAC. In women, dTAC and total flavonoids were not significantly associated with MetS; however, significant L-shaped associations were found for the remaining 4 antioxidant classes. Of the 7 flavonoid subclasses, only flavones in the highest quartile for men and flavan-3-ols in women lacked significant associations with MetS. The inverse associations were not sex-specific, but they were particularly pronounced among participants with a body mass index (BMI) of 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or higher.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that most antioxidant classes and flavonoid subclasses, unlike dTAC, exhibit a clear beneficial association with MetS in an L-shaped pattern in both men and women, particularly those with a high BMI.
Summary
Korean summary
농촌코호트 조사 참여자를 대상으로 식이 총항산화능, 총항산화능 하위분류, 플라보노이드 하위분류와 대사증후군 발생 위험의 전향적 연관성을 평가한 결과, 대부분의 항산화물(5개항산화물 분류:4개 항산화 비타민과 플라보노이드; 플라보노이드 7개 하부분류)에서 대사증후군과 음의 상관성을 확인할 수 있었으며 총항산화능(남자와 여자)과 플라보노이드(여자)에서 약한 연관성을 보였다. 남녀간 유의한 상호작용은 없었고 특히 BMI가 높은 집단에서 두드러졌다. 이 연구의 결과는 특히 식이 총항산화능을 구성하는 하위 유형을 적절히 섭취하는 것이 특히 비만한 성인에서 대사증후군 위험을 낮추는 예방전략으로 효과가 있을 수 있음을 시사한다.
Key Message
We observed that the cumulative average of dietary antioxidant vitamins and most flavonoids may be have pivotal roles in prevention of MetS, although there may be weak associations of dTAC and flavonoids in women. Moreover, these inverse associations were more pronounced in high BMI individuals. Our results suggest that the consumption of antioxidants and flavonoid may mitigate the MetS risk, particularly in overweight/obese individuals at high risk of developing chronic diseases.

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  • Increased circulating apolipoprotein Cs are implicated in the association between elevated serum retinol and retinol-binding protein 4 and adverse progression of metabolic syndrome in adults: A prospective study
    Danyu Chen, Keliang Xie, Chang Gao, Yingdi Yang, Ying Xu, Bang-yan Li, Yue Xi, Ju-Sheng Zheng, Yu-ming Chen
    The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2025; 140: 109892.     CrossRef
  • Turning by-products into health: fermentation-driven production of bioactive compounds for cardiovascular disease prevention
    Jonathan Squillante, Francesco Esposito, Teresa Cirillo
    Food Bioscience.2025; 69: 106979.     CrossRef
  • The association of dietary total flavonoids and their subclasses with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
    Hye Won Woo, Mi Kyung Kim, Kong Ji-Sook, Jiseon Lee, Min-Ho Shin, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Yu-Mi Kim
    European Journal of Nutrition.2024; 63(4): 1339.     CrossRef
  • A Systematized Review of the Relationship Between Obesity and Vitamin C Requirements
    Julia K Bird, Edith JM Feskens, Alida Melse-Boonstra
    Current Developments in Nutrition.2024; 8(5): 102152.     CrossRef
  • Expansion of a food composition database for the food frequency questionnaire in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES): a comprehensive database of dietary antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity
    Jiseon Lee, Ji-Sook Kong, Hye Won Woo, Mi Kyung Kim
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Changes in metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast and endometrial cancer according to menopause in Korean women
Thi Xuan Mai Tran, Soyeoun Kim, Boyoung Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023049.   Published online May 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023049
  • 16,723 View
  • 186 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated how changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with the subsequent risk of breast and endometrial cancer according to menopausal status.
METHODS
This cohort study, using data from the National Health Insurance Service database, included women aged ≥40 years who underwent 2 biennial cancer screenings (2009-2010 and 2011-2012) and were followed up until 2020. Participants were grouped into MetS-free, MetS-recovery, MetS-development, and MetS-persistent groups. Menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal) was assessed at 2 screenings. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the association between MetS changes and cancer risk.
RESULTS
In 3,031,980 women, breast and endometrial cancers were detected in 39,184 and 4,298, respectively. Compared with the MetS-free group, those who recovered, developed, or had persistent MetS showed an increased risk of breast cancer, with adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of 1.05, 1.05, and 1.11, respectively (p<0.005). MetS persistence was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (aHR, 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.16) but not in premenopausal or perimenopausal women. MetS persistence was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women, with aHRs of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.70), 1.59 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.12), and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.32 to 1.63), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased breast cancer risk was associated with recovered, developed, and persistent MetS in postmenopausal women. Meanwhile, increased endometrial cancer risk was found in obese women who recovered from MetS or persistently had MetS, regardless of menopausal status, when compared to MetS-free women.
Summary
Korean summary
- 폐경후 여성에서 대사증후군이 회복되었거나, 지속적으로 대사증후군을 앓고 있거나, 대사증후군이 발병한 여성은 유방암 위험과 관련이 있었습니다. - 한편, 폐경 상태와 관계없이 대사증후군에서 회복되었거나 지속적으로 대사증후군를 앓고 있는 비만 여성은 대사증후군이 없는 여성에 비해 자궁내막암 위험이 증가하는 것으로 나타났습니다.
Key Message
- Increased breast cancer risk was associated with recovered, developed, and persistent MetS in postmenopausal women. - Increased endometrial cancer risk was found in obese women who recovered from MetS or persistently had MetS, regardless of menopausal status, when compared to MetS-free women.

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Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults after the COVID-19 outbreak
Ji-Young Kwon, Sang-Wook Song
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022101.   Published online November 5, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022101
  • 15,822 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study sought to reveal changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) after the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to identify the groups showing the greatest changes.
METHODS
We compared the prevalence of MetS between 2017–2019 (i.e., the 3-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic) and soon after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 among 24,564 adults ≥ 19 years of age using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MetS increased steadily between 2017 and 2020 (29.4 to 35.3%, p for trend < 0.001), with annual percent changes of 2.0%p, 2.2%p, and 1.7%p, respectively. Compared to 3 years before the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of MetS significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in males (6.2%p; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5 to 8.9) compared to females (1.5%p; 95% CI, -1.2 to 4.1). The age groups with the greatest increases in MetS prevalence after the COVID-19 pandemic were those in their 40s (4.6%p; 95% CI, 0.9 to 8.4) and 50s (5.8%p; 95% CI, 2.2 to 9.4). By educational background, the increase in MetS prevalence was greatest among those with a college degree or higher (5.1%p). The prevalence of MetS in high-income (5.3%p) and low-income (4.6%p) groups significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The increasing trend in the overall prevalence of MetS continued during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the prevalence of MetS among adult males in their 40s and 50s increased significantly after the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea.
Summary

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  • Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome before and after the COVID-19 pandemic according to household income levels
    Hyunjung Kang, Dagyeong Lee, Junhee Park, Su-Min Jung
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  • Body mass index and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective longitudinal study
    Joo-Eun Jeong, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Kye-Yeung Park, Myoung-Hye Lee, Seon-Hi Shin, Nayeon Choi
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023081.     CrossRef
The association between metabolic syndrome and heart failure in middle-aged male and female: Korean population-based study of 2 million individuals
Tae-Eun Kim, Hyeongsu Kim, JiDong Sung, Duk-Kyung Kim, Myoung-Soon Lee, Seong Woo Han, Hyun-Joong Kim, Sung Hea Kim, Kyu-Hyung Ryu
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022078.   Published online September 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022078
  • 13,828 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Although an association is known to exist between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and heart failure (HF) risk, large longitudinal studies are limited. We investigated metabolic status as a risk factor for HF in middle-aged male and female and considered sex differences in various risk factors for HF using nationwide real-world data.
METHODS
Data obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2016 were analyzed. A total of 2,151,597 middle-aged subjects (between 50 and 59 years old) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into 3 groups (normal, pre‐ MetS, and MetS). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between MetS and incident HF after adjusting for clinical risk factors.
RESULTS
At baseline, MetS existed in 23.77% of male and 10.58% of female. Pre-MetS and MetS increased the risk of HF: the hazard ratios of pre-MetS for incident HF were 1.508 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.287 to 1.767) in male and 1.395 (95% CI, 1.158 to 1.681) in female, and those of MetS were 1.711 (95% CI, 1.433 to 2.044) in male and 2.144 (95% CI, 1.674 to 2.747) in female. Current smoking, a low hemoglobin level, underweight (body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2), a high creatinine level, and acute myocardial infarction were also predictors of HF in both sexes.
CONCLUSIONS
Pre-MetS and MetS were identified as risk factors for HF in middle-aged male and female. The effect of MetS on the occurrence of HF was stronger in female than in male. Pre-MetS was also a predictor of HF, but was associated with a lower risk than MetS.
Summary

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Systematic Review
The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Maedeh Arshadi, Elahe Hesari, Maedeh Sharafoddin, Hosein Azizi, Farzad Khodamoradi
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022050.   Published online May 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022050
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
A previous meta-analysis, entitled “The association between metabolic syndrome and bladder cancer susceptibility and prognosis: an updated comprehensive evidence synthesis of 95 observational studies involving 97,795,299 subjects,” focused on all observational studies, whereas in the present meta-analysis, we focused on cohort studies to obtain more accurate and stronger evidence to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies on the association between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer from January 1, 2000 through May 23, 2021. The pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure this relationship using a random-effects meta-analytic model. Quality appraisal was undertaken using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In total, 56 studies were included. A statistically significant relationship was found between metabolic syndrome and bladder cancer 1.09 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.17), and there was evidence of moderate heterogeneity among these studies. Our findings also indicated statistically significant relationships between diabetes (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.31) and hypertension (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.13) with bladder cancer, but obesity and overweight did not present a statistically significant relationship with bladder cancer. We found no evidence of publication bias. Our analysis demonstrated statistically significant relationships between metabolic syndrome and the risk of bladder cancer. Furthermore, diabetes and hypertension were associated with the risk of bladder cancer.
Summary
Key Message
In this meta-analysis study, an attempt was made to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer, and as a result of this study, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and bladder cancer was observed. Metabolic syndrome is more common among middle-aged and elderly people, and the elderly population is increasing worldwide, so the prevalence of this disease shortly may affect the healthcare system. Therefore, with correct health policies in all societies, the exorbitant costs that this disease brings can be avoided.

Citations

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Original Articles
The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: does multivitamin use matter?
Jihae Kim, Li-Juan Tan, Hyein Jung, Yumi Roh, Kyungjoon Lim, Sangah Shin
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022039.   Published online April 19, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022039
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely associated with dietary intake; however, few studies have investigated whether the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use affect MetS in the Korean population. This study aimed to examine these effects in Korean adults.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 89,548 participants aged between 40 years and 69 years selected from the baseline data of the Health Examinees study conducted in Korea. Fresh vegetable and fruit consumption was assessed using a validated 106-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS and its components were defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations of fresh vegetable, fruit, and fresh vegetable+fruit consumption and multivitamin use with the prevalence of MetS.
RESULTS
Female in the highest quartile of fresh vegetable, fruit, and fresh vegetable + fruit consumption exhibited a lower prevalence of MetS than those in the lowest quartile. An inverse association with the prevalence of MetS was observed among male with only fresh vegetable consumption. The interaction between the 3 categories and multivitamin intake on the prevalence of MetS was not significant (all p<sub>interaction</sub>>0.05), regardless of sex.
CONCLUSIONS
Multivitamin use and consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits had no significant synergistic effects. Although fresh vegetable and fruit consumption showed an inverse association with the prevalence of MetS, this relationship was not altered by multivitamin use.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 한국인 유전체역학조사사업의 도시코호트 조사에 참여한 40-69세 한국 성인 89 548명의 과일과 채소의 섭취와 종합비타민 섭취가 대사증후군에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 매일 다양한 과일과 채소를 섭취하면, 종합비타민의 섭취와 상관없이 대사증후군 유병 위험도를 낮추는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 대사증후군 예방을 위해서는 일상적인 식사에서 충분한 과일과 채소를 섭취하는 것이 권장된다.
Key Message
This study aimed to examine whether the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use affect MetS among Korean middle-aged adults. Data was from the Health Examinees Study among 89 548 subjects. Results suggested that fruits and vegetables consumption was related with a decreased prevalence of MetS. However, there was no significant synergistic effect between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use in further reducing MetS prevalence.

Citations

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  • Weight control experiences and dietary life according to body image perception among adults in Jeju, Republic of Korea
    Yujin Hyun, Hyunji Ham, Sumin Kim, Hanbin Ko, Yoonsuk Jekal, Insuk Chai, Kyungho Ha
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    Xun Pei, Junjie Yao, Simiao Ran, Haifei Lu, Shuo Yang, Yini Zhang, Miyuan Wang, Heyuan Shi, Aihua Tan
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Joint association of aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities with metabolic syndrome : the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2015
Jungjun Lim, Soyoung Park, Joon-Sik Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021096.   Published online November 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021096
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to examine whether simultaneously meeting the combined guidelines of accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and self-reported muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) was associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) than meeting neither or 1 of the guidelines among the Koreans.
METHODS
This cross-sectional analysis included 1,355 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2015). Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations across groups of MVPA-MSA guideline adherence (meeting neither [reference]; meeting MVPA only; meeting MSA only; meeting both MVPS and MSA) with MetS components (abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], hypertension, and hyperglycemia). The odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for covariates (e.g., sex, age, body mass index, and accelerometer wearing time).
RESULTS
MSA only significantly reduced the OR for abdominal obesity (OR, 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 0.91). Meeting both MVPA and MSA reduced the OR for hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.88) and low HDL-C (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.68). Compared to meeting neither, MVPA only (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.89) and both MVPA and MSA (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.76) significantly reduced the OR for MetS.
CONCLUSIONS
Combined MVPA-MSA was more beneficially associated with MetS prevalence than MVPA only and MSA only. Considering that more than 85% of Korean adults do not meet both the MVPA and MSA guidelines, public health actions to promote adherence should be supported.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 2014-2015 국민건강영양조사 자료의 가속도계 자료와 신체활동 설문지를 활용하여 한국 성인의 유산소 신체활동과 근력강화운동 지침 충족 여부에 따른 대사증후군의 오즈비를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 유산소 신체활동과 근력강화운동 지침을 모두 충족한 한국 성인은 둘 중 하나의 지침만을 충족하거나, 모두 충족하지 않는 성인에 비해 더 낮은 오즈비를 나타내었다.
Key Message
In this study, the 2014-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the odds ratio of metabolic syndrome was confirmed according to the guidelines for aerobic physical activities and muscle-strengthening activities were met in Korean adults. As a result, Korean adults who met both the guidelines for aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities showed a lower odds ratio than adults who met only one of the guidelines or did not meet both guidelines.

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  • Does Physical Activity or Sedentary Behavior Moderate the Association of Smoking Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality?
    Yang Hei, Younghwan Choi, Yeon Soo Kim
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Cohort Profile
Cohort profile: the Ewha Birth and Growth Study
Hye Ah Lee, Bohyun Park, Jungwon Min, Eun Jeong Choi, Ui Jeong Kim, Hyun Jin Park, Eun Ae Park, Su Jin Cho, Hae Soon Kim, Hwayoung Lee, Young Ju Kim, Young Sun Hong, Eui-Jung Kim, Eun Hee Ha, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021016.   Published online February 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021016
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
With the introduction of life-course epidemiology, researchers realized the importance of identifying risk factors in early life to prevent chronic diseases. This led to the establishment of the Ewha Birth and Growth Study in 2001; the study is a prospective birth cohort designed to provide evidence of early life risk factors for a child’s growth and health. Participants were recruited from those who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital (a tertiary hospital in southwest Seoul, Korea) for prenatal care at 24-28 weeks of gestation. In total, 891 mothers enrolled in this study between 2001 and 2006 and their offspring (n=940) were followed-up. Regular check-up examinations of offspring were conducted at 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years of age and every year thereafter. To consider age-related health issues, extensive data were collected using questionnaires and measurements. In 2021, the study subjects will reach 19 years of age, and we are planning a check-up examination for early adulthood. About 20 years have passed since the cohort data were collected, and we have published results on childhood health outcomes associated with prenatal and birth characteristics, genetic and epigenetic characteristics related to childhood metabolism, the effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors, and dietary patterns in childhood. Recently, we started reporting on topics related to adolescent health. The findings will facilitate identification of early life risk factors for chronic diseases and the development of interventions for diseases later in life.
Summary
Korean summary
이화영아성장코호트는 만성질환 예방을 위한 생애초기 위험인자에 대한 근거를 제공하기 위해 2001년에 시작되었습니다. 이화영아성장코호트는 국내에서 선도적인 장기 추적관찰 연구로, 소아기 건강과 관련된 산전 및 출생 시 특징, 소아기 대사와 관련된 유전적 혹은 후성학적 특성, 내분비 장애물질 노출에 따른 영향, 소아기의 식이패턴과 같은 다양한 연구결과들을 발표하였습니다. 추후 청년기의 자료 수집을 계획하고 있으며, 우리의 연구결과는 만성질환 예방을 위한 중재 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대됩니다.
Key Message
To provide evidence of early life risk factors for the prevention of chronic diseases, the Ewha Birth and Growth Study was started in 2001. The Ewha Birth and Growth cohort is a leading long-term follow-up study in Korea, and we have published results on childhood health outcomes associated with prenatal and birth characteristics, genetic and epigenetic characteristics related to childhood metabolism, the effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors, and dietary patterns in childhood. We are planning to collect data for early adulthood, and our findings will contribute to the development of interventions to prevent chronic diseases.

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Original Article
Comparison between walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: associations with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults
Ki-Yong An
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020066.   Published online October 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020066
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with walking in terms of associations with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults.
METHODS
Data on 1,388 older adults (age ≥65 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018 were analyzed in this study. MVPA time and walking time per week were used as physical activity variables and blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were analyzed as metabolic syndrome components. Partial correlations, analysis of covariance, and multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
RESULTS
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the low MVPA/high walking and high MVPA/ high walking groups than in the low MVPA/low walking group. Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the high MVPA/ high walking group than in the low MVPA/low walking and low MVPA/high walking groups. Engaging in <150 min/wk of MVPA increased the likelihood of abnormal blood pressure and metabolic syndrome by 1.81 times and 1.89 times, respectively, compared to ≥150 min/wk of MVPA. Engaging in <180 min/wk of walking raised the likelihood of having abnormal highdensity lipoprotein levels by 1.32 times compared to ≥180 min/wk of walking.
CONCLUSIONS
Not only MVPA but also walking was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults. Considering older adults’ preferences and exercise barriers, walking should be considered as an essential component of physical activity guidelines to prevent chronic diseases in older adults.
Summary
Korean summary
현재까지 저강도 신체활동 (걷기)은 중고강도 신체활동에 비해 상대적으로 그 중요성이 간과되어 왔다. 하지만 본 연구는 저강도 신체활동도 중고강도 신체활동 못지 않게 노인들에게서 대사증후군을 예방할 수 있는 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 보여준다. 게다가 노인들의 신체적 제약, 부상의 위험, 운동 선호도 등을 감안하면 걷기와 같은 저강도 신체활동은 노인들의 건강유지를 위한 신체활동 권고사항의 필수요소로 고려되어야 함을 제안한다.

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    Yeon Soo Kim, Geonhui Kim, Hoyong Sung, Byung-Cheol Kim, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, Sowon Hahn
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Brief Communication
Testosterone levels and cause-specific mortality in the older French men without metabolic syndrome
Nasser Laouali, Sylvie Brailly-Tabard, Catherine Helmer, Marie-Laure Ancelin, Christophe Tzourio, Alexis Elbaz, Anne Guiochon-Mantel, Marianne Canonico
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020036.   Published online June 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020036
  • 21,590 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies have reported controversial findings regarding the association of testosterone with mortality in older men. This heterogeneity might be partially explained by comorbidities and the presence of metabolic syndrome, as well as differential associations according to causes of death.
METHODS
We used data from a random subsample of the Three-City study, in which hormone levels were measured in 338 men ≥65 years without metabolic syndrome who were followed-up for 12 years. Vital status was determined for all participants from different sources. We used inverse-probability-weighted Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of cause-specific mortality and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
Over the follow-up period, 130 men died (30 from cardiovascular disease, 45 from cancer, 55 from other causes). The association of testosterone with mortality showed significant heterogeneity across causes of death (p=0.027 and p=0.022 for total and bioavailable testosterone, respectively). Higher testosterone levels were associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (HR for 1-standard deviation increase, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.71 and 1.50; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.17 for total and bioavailable testosterone, respectively). By contrast, there were no significant associations of testosterone with mortality from cancer and other causes.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that the association of testosterone with mortality in men without metabolic syndrome might be differential according to the cause of death. These findings may partially explain the heterogeneity across studies on the relationship between testosterone levels and mortality.
Summary

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Review
The criteria for metabolic syndrome and the national health screening and education system in Japan
Kazumasa Yamagishi, Hiroyasu Iso
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017003.   Published online January 6, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017003
  • 39,466 View
  • 648 Download
  • 114 Web of Science
  • 105 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Two major definitions of metabolic syndrome have been proposed. One focuses on the accumulation of risk factors, a measure used by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the other focuses on abdominal obesity, a measure used by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Japanese government. The latter definition takes waist circumference (WC) into consideration as an obligatory component, whereas the former does not. In 2009, the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, and other organizations attempted to unify these criteria; as a result, WC is no longer an obligatory component of those systems, while it remains obligatory in the Japanese criteria. In 2008, a new Japanese cardiovascular screening and education system focused on metabolic syndrome was launched. People undergoing screening are classified into three groups according to the presence of abdominal obesity and the number of metabolic risk factors, and receive health educational support from insurers. This system has yielded several beneficial outcomes: the visibility of metabolic syndrome at the population level has drastically improved; preventive measures have been directed toward metabolic syndrome, which is expected to become more prevalent in future generations; and a post-screening education system has been established. However, several problems with the current system have been identified and are under debate. In this review, we discuss topics related to metabolic syndrome, including (1) the Japanese criteria for metabolic syndrome; (2) metabolic syndrome and the universal health screening and education system; and (3) recent debates about Japanese criteria for metabolic syndrome.
Summary

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Original Articles
Association Between Earlobe Crease and the Metabolic Syndrome in a Cross-sectional Study
Eun Hee Kang, Hee Cheol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012004.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012004
  • 31,026 View
  • 126 Download
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Several studies found a significant association between earlobe crease (ELC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of high-risk factors that are a collection of cardiovascular risk factors. Scant data are available about the relationship between ELC and MS. The purpose of the current study was to examine the correlation between ELC and MS.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>A cross-sectional study was performed on 3,835 subjects (1,672 females, 43.6%) aged 20 to 79 years who visited a health promotion center. To increase the reliability of the diagnosis of MS, both the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were applied. Independent association between ELC and MS was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounding variables.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The frequency of ELC was 20.89% and the prevalence of MS was 11.03% (NCEP criteria) and 9.75% (IDF criteria). The prevalence of both ELC and MS significantly increased with age. The modified Framingham risk score was significantly higher in subjects with ELC than without. After adjusting for conventional risk factors for CVD, the risk of MS increased significantly in the presence of ELC.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The current study showed that the odds ratio for MS increased in the presence of ELC in Korean adults. ELC is an auxiliary indicator of MS, although prognostic value might be limited. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical significance of ELC.</p></sec>
Summary

Citations

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  • Frank's Sign and Cardiovascular Risk: An Observational Descriptive Study
    Lucía Fernández Ascariz, Berta Rivas Mundiña, Eliane García Mato, Jacobo Limeres Posse, Manuela Alonso Sampedro, Arturo González Quintela, Francisco Gude Sampedro, Pedro Diz Dios
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  • Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Diagonal Earlobe Crease (Frank Sign) in Mexican Adults: Aging, Obesity, Arterial Hypertension, and Being Male Are the Most Important
    Rogelio Molina-Gallardo, Nomely S. Aurelien-Cabezas, Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez, Jorge E. Plata-Florenzano, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro, Roque Molina-Osorio, Adrian A. De-la-Madrid-Cernas, Jorge Armando Barri
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  • Associations between Earlobe Creases and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Small Vessel Disease Markers in a Chinese Cohort of Patients with Ischemic Stroke
    Weiyin Cao, Xiuman Xu, Lixuan Wang, Chenchen Liu, Qin Fu, Shiya Zhang, Jiaping Xu, Zhichao Huang, Wu Cai, Shoujiang You, Yongjun Cao
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Comparison of Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Between Korean Emigrants and Host Country Residents in Japan and China-The Korean Emigrant Study
Myung-Hee Shin, Mi Kyung Kim, Zhong Min Li, Hyun-Kyung Oh, Soo Ryang Kim, Miyuki Taniguchi, Jinnv Fang
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010005.   Published online May 7, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010005
  • 25,782 View
  • 121 Download
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>This study aims to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between Korean emigrants (KEs) and their host country residents in Japan and China.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>The Korean Emigrant Study (KES) is a cohort study initiated in 2005 to elucidate the effect of genetic susceptibility and environmental change on hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Equal numbers of KEs and host country residents, aged 30 or over, were recruited from three regions; Kobe-Osaka in Japan (total number=965), Yanbian in China (n=1,019), and Changchun in China (n=949).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The age-adjusted prevalences of metabolic syndrome among KEs in Kobe-Osaka were significantly higher than those among Japanese (in men 24.0% vs. 15.6%, p=0.04, in women 8.4% vs. 2.7%, p=0.01), while the age-adjusted prevalences among KEs in Changchun were similar to those among Chinese (in men 11.7% vs. 16.1%, p=0.37, in women 28.3% vs. 30.1%, p=0.91). The age-adjusted prevalences were generally higher in Yanbian than other regions, and KEs had higher prevalence than Chinese in men but not in women (in men 37.9% vs. 28.3%, p=0.03, women 46.0% vs. 50.6%, p=0.44). The components with significant ethnic differences in prevalence were high blood pressure and abdominal obesity in Japan, and triglyceride in China. The most influential component in diagnosing metabolic syndrome was abdominal obesity in men and triglyceride in women.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in KEs than in host country residents in Japan but not in China. Abdominal obesity and triglyceride are both discriminating and influential components in metabolic syndrome.</p></sec>
Summary

Citations

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    Ho-Sun Lee, Yongkang Kim, Taesung Park
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Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Alcohol drinking and Smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
Hee Sung Ha, Hyeon Woo Yim, Yong Moon Park, Jin Hee Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Ho Young Son, Moo Il Kang, Won Chul Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):281-293.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.281
  • 11,544 View
  • 43 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing markedly in rural area of Korea. Alcohol drinking and smoking are the main risk factors which shows the highest prevalence rate among the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and alcohol drinking and smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
METHODS
Data was obtained from 1,332(507 men, 825 women) individuals aged over 40 years who lived in rural area of Chungju city in 2007. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP ATP III criteria and waist circumference was defined by WHO-APR(Asia Pacific Region). Data analysis was carried out using SAS version 8.02.
RESULTS
In men, adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome was 2.78(1.09-7.05) for current alcohol drinker, 2.75(1.38-5.51) for past alcohol drinker, 3.25(1.58-6.67) for under 21 years old at start of alcohol drinking, 2.62(1.12-6.11) for light alcohol drinker, 6.01(2.65-13.64) for heavy alcohol drinker. In women, all the alcohol related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome. For all the smoking related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome in men and women. Adjusted odds ratio of alcohol drinking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for high blood pressure, high fasting glucose and hypertriglyceridemia in men and abdominal obesity in women. Adjusted odds ratio of cigarette smoking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for abdominal obesity in women.
CONCLUSION
Controlling alcohol drinking habits in men should be reinforced in order to prevent the metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Korea.
Summary
Relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and metabolic syndrome among Korean non-diabetic adults.
Wee Hyun Park, Shung Chull Chae, Byung Yeol Chun, Kyung Eun Lee, Bo Wan Kim, Jung Guk Kim, Ji Seun Lim, Sun Kyun Park
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):206-215.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.206
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate the association of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults.
METHODS
This study was conducted in a rural area, South Korea from August, 2003 to November, 2003. The study subjects were 1,023 sampled persons aged from 40 years and older (male 377, female 646). We analyzed the association between GGT with metabolic syndrome by multiple logistic regression analysis using SAS 9.1 version.
RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was 28.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was increased by quartiles of serum GGT level (P for trend <0.05). The prevalence of metabolic alterations fitting the criteria of the metabolic syndrome by quartiles of serum GGT level were almost significantly increased except for the criterion of low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with adjustment for age and alcohol intake. Among 5 components of metabolic syndrome, the criterion of high serum triglyceride was most powerfully associated with serum GGT level in both gender.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that serum GGT level was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome even after excluding diabetic adults.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Relations between Normal Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase and Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Diseases according to Age and Gender
    Se Young Kwon, Young Ak Na
    Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(1): 22.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase within Normal Range and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: Based on the Framingham Risk Score
    Hae-Jin Ko, Chang-Su Choi, Chang-Ho Youn, Duk-Hee Lee, Sung-Guk Lee
    The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(1): 21.     CrossRef
  • Letter: The Association between Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase within Normal Range and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: Based on the Framingham Risk Score (Korean J Obes Vol.22 No.1 2013)
    Hye Jin Yoo
    The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(4): 259.     CrossRef
Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in Korean Adults : The Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2005.
Mi Ah Han, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Myung Geun Kang, Ki Soon Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(1):25-33.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.1.25
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the metabolic syndrome and alanine aminotransferase(SGPT) levels in Korean adults.
METHODS
The study subjects were 4,325 adults aged > or = 19 years without an apparent cause of liver disease from the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2005). The metabolic syndrome was defined using criteria established by the NCEP/ATP III, while abdominal obesity was assessed based on the Asia-Pacific guidelines. Subjects with SGPT > or = 40 IU/L were considered to have elevated SGPT levels. Demographic characteristics, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood sugar were recorded for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of elevated SGPT levels was significantly increase with the presence of the metabolic syndrome and its components. In multiple logistic regression analyses, odds ratio for the elevated SGPT levels was significantly high in the subjects with the metabolic syndrome compared to the subjects without metabolic syndrome after adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and health-related behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
The metabolic syndrome was independently associated with SGPT levels in Korean adults.
Summary
Insulin resistance and cancer.
Hee Jin Kim, Sun Ha Jee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2005;27(2):38-50.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Both obesity and diabetes have been proposed as risk factors of cancer. Obesity may be a more significant health problem, which can increase the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, which is the most common cause of death. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are suspected of being correlated with cancer risk. Most studies are carried out on the assumption that obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are different conditions. However, they have common risk factors-smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Although the pathways leading to these diseases are unknown, we brought a focus into the multi-dimensional pathways instead of single pathogenesis. The interaction between pathogenesis can be thought to start from risk factors, and through pathogenesis, diseases can also lead to a severe cause of death. Epidemic of obesity and diabetes is a significant and growing public health problem. This paper reviewed the evidences of the correlation between insulin resistances and cancer and we explored whether insulin resistance may contribute to carcinogenesis.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.
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