Table 1Demographic characteristics
Characteristics |
Categories |
% (n = 147,202) |
Age (yr) |
49-55 |
33.60 |
|
56-69 |
44.94 |
|
70-81 |
21.45 |
Race |
Caucasian |
82.91 |
|
Non-Caucasian |
17.09 |
Where live in US |
Northeast |
23.18 |
|
South |
25.43 |
|
Midwest |
21.96 |
|
West |
29.43 |
Education level |
High school graduate or less |
23.00 |
|
Post high school |
37.75 |
|
College graduate or higher |
39.24 |
Income (USD) |
Unknown |
6.57 |
|
<35,000 |
38.12 |
|
35,000-75,000 |
37.88 |
|
>75,000 |
17.42 |
Insurance type |
Pre-paid private insurance |
40.26 |
(can have>1) |
Other private insurance |
44.77 |
|
Medicare |
36.22 |
|
Medicaid |
1.33 |
|
Other |
6.84 |
|
None |
4.56 |
WHI data set |
Observational study |
56.06 |
|
RCT estrogen alone |
6.83 |
|
RCT estrogen plus progesterone |
10.75 |
|
RCT diet (not in other RCTs) |
26.36 |
Table 2The association of demographic factors with breast cancer
Factor (scale) |
% or (mean) |
All subjects
|
OS
|
RCT diet
|
RCT HT
|
HR |
95% CI |
x2
|
HR |
HR |
HR |
Independently significant†
|
Age* |
(63.1) |
1.22 |
1.17-1.26 |
102.9∥
|
1.24∥
|
1.14∥
|
1.25∥
|
Study‡
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OS |
56.1 |
1.00 |
|
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
RCT E+P |
10.7 |
0.91 |
0.83-1.00 |
3.8 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
RCT E alone |
6.8 |
0.83 |
0.73-0.94 |
9.0∥
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
RCT diet |
26.3 |
1.14 |
1.07-1.22 |
15.0"∥
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
White race |
82.8 |
1.18 |
1.10-1.28 |
18.0∥
|
1.17∥
|
1.24∥
|
1.13 |
Not independently significant†
|
College education |
39.2 |
1.09 |
1.03-1.15 |
10.2∥
|
1.09 |
1.14 |
0.99 |
Income* (1-8) |
(4.2) |
1.03 |
1.01-1.06 |
5.6 |
1.02 |
1.07∥
|
1.02 |
Professional or managerial |
38.7 |
1.03 |
0.98-1.08 |
1.1 |
1.03 |
1.11 |
1.00 |
Job with hair dyes§
|
2.3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
0.67∥
|
NA |
NA |
Table 3The association* of familial, breast, and reproductive factors with breast cancer
Factor |
All subjects
|
Individual dataset
|
% or (mean) |
HR* |
95% CI |
x2
|
OS HR* |
Diet RCT HR* |
HT RCT HR* |
Independently significant†
|
Br aspirations |
|
1.18 |
1.15-1.22 |
123.9 |
1.15∥
|
1.23∥
|
1.30∥
|
0 |
86.8 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
1-2 |
10.7 |
1.36 |
1.26-1.46 |
62.5 |
|
|
|
3-4 |
2.5 |
1.85 |
1.64-2.08 |
99.9 |
|
|
|
Br Ca in 1st degree relative |
13.7 |
1.41 |
1.32-1.51 |
107.6 |
1.38∥
|
1.42∥
|
1.55∥
|
Br biopsy |
24.9 |
1.33 |
1.26-1,42 |
86.9 |
1.38∥
|
1.34∥
|
1.10 |
Years HT‡
|
|
1.11 |
1.08-1.14 |
59.7 |
1.10∥
|
1.13∥
|
1.01 |
None |
73.6 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
<5 yr |
13.4 |
1.11 |
1.02-1.20 |
5.5 |
|
- |
|
5-15 yr |
11.2 |
1.32 |
1.21-1.44 |
38.9 |
|
|
|
>15 yr |
1.92 |
1.56 |
1.34-1.82 |
33.6 |
|
|
|
Baseline E+P |
17.2 |
1.29 |
1.19-1.41 |
35.4 |
1.33∥
|
NA |
1.30∥
|
Baseline E-alone |
17.8 |
1.14 |
1.05-1.23 |
9.90 |
1.20∥
|
NA |
0.79 |
Live births |
|
0.95 |
0.93-0.96 |
52.0 |
0.94∥
|
0.94∥
|
0.96 |
0 |
12.5 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
1-4 |
73.6 |
0.86 |
0.80-0.93 |
15.5 |
|
|
|
5-6 |
10.6 |
0.72 |
0.64-0.80 |
35.5 |
|
|
|
>7 |
3.4 |
0.61 |
0.51-0.73 |
28.4 |
|
|
|
Age menopause (HR for 10 yr) |
(48.1) |
1.11 |
1.07-1,15 |
26.5 |
1.12∥
|
1.12∥
|
1.03 |
Br disease§
|
30.4 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.19∥
|
NA |
NA |
Br tenderness |
18.9 |
1.13 |
1.08-1.18 |
24.1 |
1.12∥
|
1.15∥
|
1.05 |
Vaginal dryness |
27.1 |
0.93 |
0.89-0.97 |
12.3 |
0.95 |
0.91 |
0.91 |
Br implants |
1.2 |
0.59 |
0.43-0.81 |
11.0 |
0.64∥
|
0.39 |
0.86 |
Not independently significant†
|
Mammogram ever |
96.4 |
1.24 |
1.05-1.48 |
6.0 |
1.11 |
1.45 |
1.34 |
1st birth >30 yr |
28.1 |
1.05 |
0.99-1.12 |
2.4 |
1.03 |
1.05 |
1.12 |
Oophorectomy < 40 yr |
4.3 |
0.84 |
0.72-0.98 |
5.1 |
0.89 |
0.90 |
0.50∥
|
Age menarche‡
|
12-13 (mn) |
0.98 |
0.96-1.00 |
6.5 |
0.98 |
0.99 |
0.95 |
Breastfed ≥ 24 mo |
5.5 |
0.90 |
0.80-1.02 |
2.6 |
1.01 |
0.74 |
0.84 |
Table 4The association* of health and behaviors with the development of breast cancer
Factor |
All subjects
|
Individual dataset
|
% |
HR* |
95% CI |
x2
|
OS HR* |
Diet RCT HR* |
HT RCT HR* |
Independently significant†
|
Weight at baseline‡
|
|
1.14 |
1.11-1.17 |
93.8 |
1.14∥
|
1.12∥
|
1.19∥
|
<150 |
43.5 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
150-200 |
13.2 |
1.21 |
1.15-1.28 |
46.8 |
|
|
|
> 200 |
43.4 |
1.43 |
1.32-1.55 |
74.5 |
|
|
|
History of thyroid cancer |
0.4 |
2.04 |
1.55-2.68 |
26.3 |
2.09∥
|
2.56∥
|
0.42∥
|
Digitalis use |
1.8 |
1.46 |
1.24-1.72 |
21.0 |
1.58∥
|
1.13 |
1.61 |
Alcohol servings per wk‡
|
|
1.06 |
1.03-1.09 |
18.2 |
1.11∥
|
0.99 |
1.01 |
None |
|
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
< 1/mo |
|
1.04 |
0.95-1.14 |
0.73 |
|
|
|
<1/wk |
|
1.06 |
0.98-1.14 |
2.01 |
|
|
|
>1/wk |
|
1.13 |
1.05-1.20 |
12.4 |
|
|
|
Restless |
34.8 |
0.92 |
0.88-0.96 |
15.2 |
0.90∥
|
0.94 |
0.93 |
Relative with prostrate cancer |
9.4 |
1.15 |
1.06-1.25 |
11.7 |
1.19∥
|
1.20 |
0.92 |
Colon polyps |
8.6 |
1.16 |
1.06-1.26 |
11.2 |
1.09 |
1.22 |
1.34∥
|
Cigarettes/d‡ (1-7) |
|
1.04 |
1.02-1.07 |
11.0 |
1.05∥
|
1.03 |
1.04 |
None |
55.6 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
< 15/d |
23.4 |
1.05 |
0.98-1.12 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
≥ 15/d |
17.1 |
1.12 |
1.05-1.19 |
11.6 |
|
|
|
Osteoporosis ever |
7.3 |
0.84 |
0.76-0.93 |
10.5 |
0.79∥
|
0.92 |
0.99 |
Not independently significant†
|
Change from min adult weight‡,§
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.05 |
NA |
NA |
Trouble sleeping*
|
41.3 |
0.98 |
0.96-1.00 |
3.1 |
0.99 |
1.17∥
|
0.92 |
Table 5Variables of special interest that were not statistically significant at p<0.001 after adjusting for demographic factors
Factor (scale) |
All subjects
|
OS
|
RCT diet
|
RCTHT
|
% or (mean) |
HR†
|
95% Cl |
x2
|
HR†
|
HR†
|
HR†
|
Psychological |
Religious attendance last month* (1-6) |
(2.8) |
0.99 |
0.97-1.01 |
1.8 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
Stressful life events* (0-33) |
(3.4) |
0.97 |
0.95-1.00 |
3.5 |
0.99 |
0.93 |
0.93 |
Optimism* (6-30) |
(23.3) |
1.00 |
0.98-1.03 |
0.1 |
1.01 |
0.99 |
0.98 |
Depression* (0-1) |
(0.04) |
1.00 |
0.97-1.03 |
0.0 |
1.01 |
0.96 |
1.03 |
Diet, exercise |
Energy (kcal)*
|
(1,623) |
1.00 |
0.98-1.03 |
0.0 |
1.02 |
0.98 |
1.09 |
Animal protein (g)*
|
(47.4) |
1.00 |
0.97-1.02 |
0.1 |
1.01 |
0.98 |
1.21 |
Folic acid (µg)*
|
(484.7) |
1.00 |
0.97-1.03 |
0.0 |
1.01 |
0.98 |
0.83 |
Fat (g)*
|
(60.2) |
1.00 |
0.97-1.03 |
0.0 |
1.02 |
0.98 |
1.18 |
MET-hours walking a wk*
|
|
0.97 |
0.94-0.99 |
6.4 |
0.98 |
0.94 |
0.95 |
0-10 |
55.0 |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
10-15 |
6.5 |
0.94 |
0.84-1.04 |
1.4 |
0.98 |
0.93 |
0.73 |
>15 |
7.2 |
0.90 |
0.81-1.00 |
3.8 |
0.92 |
0.80 |
1.03 |
|
Birth wt*,‡
|
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.00 |
NA |
NA |
FH ovarian cancer |
2.3 |
0.93 |
0.79-1.09 |
0.8 |
0.94 |
0.98 |
0.82 |
Years ОС pills*
|
(2.2) |
0.99 |
0.96-1.01 |
1.3 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
0.95 |