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Cancer risk based on alcohol consumption levels: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Seunghee Jun, Hyunjin Park, Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Hye Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Soon Young Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023092.   Published online October 16, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023092
  • 3,604 View
  • 353 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for cancer. Despite extensive research into the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer risk, the effect of light alcohol consumption on cancer risk remains a topic of debate. To contribute to this discourse, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Our systematic review aimed to investigate the associations between different levels of alcohol consumption and the risk of several cancer types. We focused on analyzing prospective associations using data from 139 cohort studies. Among them, 106 studies were included in the meta-analysis after a quantitative synthesis.
RESULTS
Our analysis did not find a significant association between light alcohol consumption and all-cause cancer risk (relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.04), but we observed a dose-response relationship. Light alcohol consumption was significantly associated with higher risks of esophageal, colorectal, and breast cancers. Light to moderate drinking was associated with elevated risks of esophageal, colorectal, laryngeal, and breast cancers. Heavy drinking was also found to contribute to the risk of stomach, liver, pancreas, and prostate cancers, thereby increasing the risk of almost all types of cancer. Additionally, females generally had lower cancer risks compared to males.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings highlight that cancer risks extend beyond heavy alcohol consumption to include light alcohol consumption as well. These findings suggest that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption associated with cancer risk. Our results underscore the importance of public health interventions addressing alcohol consumption to mitigate cancer risks.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 코호트 연구를 기반으로 하여 음주의 수준에 따른 암 위험 연관성에 대해 체계적 문헌고찰(139편)과 메타분석(106편)을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 음주와 암 위험 사이에 용량-반응 관계가 나타났으며, 소량의 음주는 암 유형에 따라 차이가 있었으나, 식도암, 대장암, 전립선암(남성), 유방암(여성)에서 암 위험과의 연관성이 있음을 발견했다. 따라서, 암 위험 측면에서 음주에 안전한 수준이 없음을 시사하며, 음주와 관련된 잠재적 피해를 완화하기 위해서는 음주 지침 강화와 같은 공중보건개입이 필요하다.
Key Message
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between different levels of alcohol consumption and the risk of various cancer types through a systematic review and meta-analysis, providing insights into the ongoing debate about alcohol consumption and cancer causality. The findings support a dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption levels and cancer risk and the light alcohol consumption was associated with risks of esophageal, colorectal, prostate (male), and breast (female) cancer. These results emphasize the absence of a safe threshold for alcohol consumption in terms of cancer risk.

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  • Exploring genetic associations of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis with extraintestinal cancers in European and East Asian populations
    Chengdong Yu, Jiawei Xu, Siyi Xu, Lei Tang, Qinyuan Han, Xiaoqiang Zeng, Yanxiao Huang, Tenghua Yu, Zhengkui Sun
    Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Genetically determined alcohol consumption and cancer risk in Korea
Keum Ji Jung, Ji Woo Baek, Sang Yop Shin, Sun Ha Jee
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023077.   Published online August 23, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023077
  • 3,664 View
  • 147 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine the causal relationship between the genetically determined amount of alcohol consumption and the occurrence of major cancers.
METHODS
The data used in this study were from 129,324 people selected from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II, the participants of which visited 18 health examination centers between 2004 and 2013. Cancer incidence was confirmed as of 2020 using data from the National Cancer Center. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on alcohol consumption was performed using PLINK 2.0, and sex, age, chip type, and principal components were adjusted.
RESULTS
From the GWAS, a genetic risk score for alcohol consumption was calculated and genetically determined alcohol consumption (GDAC) was estimated. GDAC was divided into quintile groups and showed significant causal relationships with rectal cancer and liver cancer, but not with other cancers. For liver cancer, an association was shown in the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative group, and a particularly strong association was found in the over-60-year-old HBsAg-negative group, in which, compared to the GDAC Q1 group, the Q4 group had a 2.35 times higher risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 5.23), and the Q5 group had a 2.40 times higher risk (95% CI, 1.09 to 5.30).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study provided evidence that the amount of alcohol consumed is causally related to the occurrence of rectal cancer and liver cancer in HBsAg-negative individuals. Additional studies should be continued for other cancer types through long-term follow-up.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 유전적으로 결정되는 음주량과 주요 암 발생 사이의 인과 관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 그 결과 유전적으로 결정되는 음주량이 증가할수록 직장암 발생 위험이 높아졌고, 특히 HBsAg 음성인 사람에서 간암 발생 위험이 높아지는 것으로 밝혀졌다.
Key Message
The purpose of this study was to reveal the causal relationship between genetically determined alcohol consumption and the incidence of major cancers. As a result, it was found that as the genetically determined amount of alcohol consumed increases, the risk of rectal cancer increases, and especially in people who are HBsAg negative, the risk of liver cancer increases.

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  • A pan-cancer analysis of the prognostic implication and oncogenic role of tubulin epsilon and delta complex 2 (TEDC2) in human tumors
    Yang Liu, Jie Zhu, Jing Shen, Yuting Lu, Ke Pan, Chuan Tong, Yao Wang
    Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cancer risk based on alcohol consumption levels: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
    Seunghee Jun, Hyunjin Park, Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Hye Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Soon Young Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Hyesook Park
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023092.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Trends in health behaviors over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Soyeon Kim, Sunhye Choi, Jihee Kim, Suyeon Park, Young-Taek Kim, Ok Park, Kyungwon Oh
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021026.   Published online April 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021026
  • 11,983 View
  • 354 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the trends in health behaviors in Korean population using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
The subjects were 96,408 adults aged 19 years or older who participated in the first (1998) through seventh (2016-2018) KNHANES health interview. The prevalence of health behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity) and annual percent change (APC) were estimated using SAS and the Joinpoint program.
RESULTS
The prevalence of current cigarette smoking in men decreased by 2.8%p (APC= -2.8, p< 0.001) annually over the 20-year period, and the prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke at home substantially decreased compared to 2005 (APC= -8.8, p< 0.001). Compared to 2005, the prevalence of current alcohol drinking in women, but not men, increased (APC= 2.0, p< 0.001), and the prevalence of binge drinking decreased in men (APC= -0.7, p< 0.001) and increased in women (APC= 2.4, p< 0.001). The prevalence of aerobic physical activity decreased from 2014 in both gendersd (p< 0.001). The prevalence of healthy behaviors practice (non-smoking, alcohol abstinence, and aerobic physical activity) was down-trending (APC= -5.3, p< 0.001), especially among women (APC= -6.4, p< 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Over the past 20 years, smoking behaviors improved. However, drinking behavior was unchanged and physical activity indicators markedly decreased. More active programs are necessary for improving health behaviors, which are major risk factors linked to chronic diseases.
Summary
Korean summary
국민건강영양조사(1998-2018) 자료를 활용하여 지난 20년간 성인의 건강행태를 분석한 결과 흡연율과 간접흡연 노출률은 지속적으로 감소하였고, 신체활동 실천율 또한 감소하였다. 월간음주율과 폭음률의 경우 남자는 큰 변화가 없었던 반면 여자는 모두 증가하였다.
Key Message
This study aimed to examine the trends in health behaviors in Korean population using data from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke in Korean adults consistently decreased, as well as the prevalence of physical activity. There was no considerable change in men, whereas in women, the prevalence of alcohol drinking and binge drinking both increased.

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  • Variability in the association of smoking status with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Korean population according to different definitions of smoking status: analysis based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-202
    Yechan Kyung, Young Sook Park, Mi Hyeon Jin, Hae Jeong Lee
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Incident Diabetes in Korean Adults According to Gender: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
    Sung-Bum Lee, Min-Kyeung Jo, Ji-Eun Moon, Hui-Jeong Lee, Jong-Koo Kim
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(2): 627.     CrossRef
  • Influencing factors of health screening among retirees: an extended TPB approach
    Jiayi Xu, Younghwan Pan, Qiongzhen Li
    Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Adherence to Cancer Prevention Guidelines and Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    Jin-Kyoung Oh, Minji Han, Byungmi Kim, Eun Young Park
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 55(1): 15.     CrossRef
  • Ocular motility disorders following coronavirus disease-19 vaccination
    Kyung-Ah Park, Hyeshin Jeon, Dong Gyu Choi, Jae Ho Jung, Hyun-Jin Shin, Byung Joo Lee, Yeji Moon, Se-Youp Lee, Dong Cheol Lee, Soon Young Cho, Seong-Joon Kim, Sei Yeul Oh, Sunghyuk Moon, Shin Yeop Oh, Daye Diana Choi, Mi Young Choi, Won Jae Kim, Ungsoo Sa
    Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.2023; 261(4): 1127.     CrossRef
  • Alcoholic liver disease in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: Findings from a large, matched cohort study in South Korea
    Thi Phuong Thao Tran, Minji Han, Ngoc Minh Luu, Jin‐Kyoung Oh
    Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(7): 8754.     CrossRef
  • Associations of dual use of tobacco cigarettes and e‐cigarettes, sleep duration, physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle‐aged and older Korean adults
    Mi‐Ae You, JiYeon Choi, Youn‐Jung Son
    Nursing Open.2023; 10(6): 4071.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Trend, and Risk Factors for Early Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Analysis of the Nationwide Population-Based Survey from 2010 to 2019 in South Korea
    Taeyun Kim, Hyunji Choi, Ju-il Seo, Seung-Jin Kim, Ji-Eun Choi, Minsu Yun, Jihun Kang
    COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2023; 20(1): 153.     CrossRef
  • Trends in the Quality of Primary Care and Acute Care in Korea From 2008 to 2020: A Cross-sectional Study
    Yeong Geun Gwon, Seung Jin Han, Kyoung Hoon Kim
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(3): 248.     CrossRef
  • Association of handgrip strength with new-onset CKD in Korean adults according to gender
    Sung-Bum Lee, Miryung Kim, Hui-Jeong Lee, Jong-Koo Kim
    Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Elevated Uric Acid Levels with Early Chronic Kidney Disease as an Indicator of New-Onset Ischemic Heart Disease: A Cohort of Koreans without Diabetes
    Sung-Bum Lee, Hui-Jeong Lee, Ha Eun Ryu, Byoungjin Park, Dong-Hyuk Jung
    Biomedicines.2023; 11(8): 2212.     CrossRef
  • Clinical and life style factors related to the nighttime blood pressure, nighttime dipping and their phenotypes in Korean hypertensive patients
    Byung Sik Kim, Ju Han Kim, Wan Kim, Woo Shik Kim, Sungha Park, Sang Jae Lee, Jang Young Kim, Eun Mi Lee, Sang Hyun Ihm, Wook Bum Pyun, Jeong-Hun Shin, Jinho Shin
    Clinical Hypertension.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Combinations of lifestyle behaviors and cancer risk among Korean adults
    Ngoc Minh Luu, Thi Tra Bui, Thi Phuong Thao Tran, Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen, Jin-Kyoung Oh
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk for Esophageal Cancer Based on Lifestyle Factors–Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Body Mass Index: Insight from a South Korean Population Study in a Low-Incidence Area
    Mi Jung Kwon, Ho Suk Kang, Hyo Geun Choi, Joo-Hee Kim, Ji Hee Kim, Woo Jin Bang, Sung Kwang Hong, Nan Young Kim, Sangkyoon Hong, Hong Kyu Lee
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(22): 7086.     CrossRef
  • Association of Muscle Strength with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults
    Sung-Bum Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon, Dong-Hyuk Jung, Jong-Koo Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1675.     CrossRef
  • Association of Handgrip Strength with Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults According to Sex
    Sung-Bum Lee, Ji-Eun Moon, Jong-Koo Kim
    Diagnostics.2022; 12(8): 1874.     CrossRef
  • Smoking trajectory and cancer risk: A population-based cohort study
    Minh Luu, Minji Han, Tra Bui, Phuong Thao Tran, Min-Kyung Lim, Jin Oh
    Tobacco Induced Diseases.2022; 20(August): 1.     CrossRef
  • Awareness of and practice toward cancer prevention recommendations: results of the Korean National Cancer Prevention Awareness and Practice Survey in 2021
    Jin-Kyoung Oh, Eunjung Park, Byungmi Kim, Yoon-Jung Choi, E Hwa Yun, Min Kyung Lim, Jeong-Soo Im, Eun Young Park
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022068.     CrossRef
Renal hyperfiltration, fatty liver index, and the hazards of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Finnish men
Mounir Ould Setti, Ari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021001.   Published online December 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021001
  • 11,894 View
  • 364 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Renal hyperfiltration (RHF) and fatty liver are separately associated with adverse health outcomes. In this study, we investigated the mortality hazard of coexisting RHF and fatty liver.
METHODS
Middle-aged men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Disease Risk Factor Study (n=1,552) were followed up for a median of 29 years. Associations among RHF, fatty liver index (FLI) score, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and hypertension status were assessed using logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality with respect to RHF and fatty liver.
RESULTS
Of the men, 5% had RHF (n=73), whereas a majority had fatty liver (n=848). RHF was associated specifically with smoking, and fatty liver was associated specifically with overweight. The all-cause mortality hazard was highest (HR, 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 3.01) among men with RHF and fatty liver (n=33). Among men with RHF but normal FLI (n=40), the HR of all-cause mortality was 1.67 (95% CI, 1.15 to 2.42). Among men with fatty liver but a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (n=527), the HR of all-cause mortality was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.66). CVD mortality hazard was associated with RHF, but not fatty liver. We detected no interaction effect between RHF and fatty liver for all-cause (synergy index, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.21 to 2.67) or CVD (synergy index, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.34 to 2.60) mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
RHF and fatty liver are independently associated with all-cause and CVD mortality
Summary
Key Message
Both prevalent, underdiagnosed, and commonly coexisting, renal hyperfiltration and fatty liver are two notable independent risk factors of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

Citations

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  • Impact of gout on cardiovascular disease mortality: a meta-analysis
    Jielin Yuan, Zhitao Xie, Bo Pan, Jingchang Zhang
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sex-specific association of body mass index and fatty liver index with prevalence of renal hyperfiltration: a cross sectional study using Japanese health check-up data
    Atsushi Kitazawa, Yoshiharu Fukuda
    BMC Nephrology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Glomerular Hyperfiltration: A Marker of Fibrosis Severity in Metabolic Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in an Adult Population
    Andrea Dalbeni, Marta Garbin, Mirko Zoncapè, Sara Romeo, Filippo Cattazzo, Anna Mantovani, Annalisa Cespiati, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Emmanouil Tsochatzis, David Sacerdoti, Alessandro Mantovani, Rosa Lombardi
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(21): 15837.     CrossRef
  • Fatty Liver Index Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis but No Substantial Liver Disease
    Pil Gyu Park, Jung Yoon Pyo, Sung Soo Ahn, Hyun Joon Choi, Jason Jungsik Song, Yong-Beom Park, Ji Hye Huh, Sang-Won Lee
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Alcohol-related emergency department visits and income inequality in New York City, USA: an ecological study
Kathleen H. Reilly, Katherine Bartley, Denise Paone, Ellenie Tuazon
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019041.   Published online October 8, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019041
  • 10,590 View
  • 168 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Previous research has found that greater income inequality is related to problematic alcohol use across a variety of geographical areas in the USA and New York City (NYC). Those studies used self-reported data to assess alcohol use. This study examined the relationship between within-neighborhood income inequality and alcohol-related emergency department (ED) visits.
METHODS
The study outcome was the alcohol-related ED visit rate per 10,000 persons between 2010 and 2014, using data obtained from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. The main predictor of interest was income inequality, measured using the Gini coefficient from the American Community Survey (2010-2014) at the public use microdata area (PUMA) level (n=55) in NYC. Variables associated with alcohol-related ED visits in bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion in a multivariable model.
RESULTS
There were 420,568 alcohol-related ED visits associated with a valid NYC address between 2010 and 2014. The overall annualized NYC alcohol-related ED visit rate was 100.7 visits per 10,000 persons. The median alcohol ED visit rate for NYC PUMAs was 88.0 visits per 10,000 persons (interquartile range [IQR], 64.5 to 133.5), and the median Gini coefficient was 0.48 (IQR, 0.45 to 0.51). In the multivariable model, a higher neighborhood Gini coefficient, a lower median age, and a lower percentage of male residents were independently associated with the alcohol-related ED visit rate.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found that higher neighborhood income inequality was associated with higher neighborhood alcohol-related ED visit rates. The precise mechanism of this relationship is not understood, and further investigation is warranted to determine temporality and to assess whether the results are generalizable to other locales.
Summary

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    Housing Policy Debate.2023; 33(1): 129.     CrossRef
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    He Chen, Jing Ning, Hongwei Hu, Haotian He
    Sociology of Health & Illness.2023; 45(7): 1523.     CrossRef
  • Inequality's on Tap: A Longitudinal Study of Area-Level Income Inequality and Alcohol Consumption Among Canadian Adolescents
    Samuel A.J. Lowe, Sujan Basnet, Scott T. Leatherdale, Karen A. Patte, Roman Pabayo
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    Zhen Yu, Keming Yu, Wolfgang K. Härdle, Xueliang Zhang, Kai Wang, Maozai Tian
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Overall health and drinking behavior among pregnant and breastfeeding women in Korea
Eun Gyeong Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019036.   Published online September 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019036
  • 10,210 View
  • 205 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The study was to conduct a comparative assessment of drinking behaviors and overall health among pregnant and breastfeeding women.
METHODS
This study used data collected from the Korean Community Health Survey in 2015. Data obtained from 2,156 pregnant or breastfeeding women were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, the chi-square test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
Current drinking and alcohol consumption were higher among pregnant women than among breastfeeding women. Depression was twice as common among breastfeeding women than among pregnant women, and stress was much higher among breastfeeding women as well. Breastfeeding women also had lower subjective dental health and more unmet medical needs than pregnant women.
CONCLUSIONS
Although pregnant women were in better overall health than breastfeeding women, many of them were unable to stop drinking, which is a risky and adverse health behavior that negatively affects maternal and fetal health. In order to reduce drinking among pregnant and breastfeeding women, it is necessary to develop a tailored, standardized educational program and national guidelines.
Summary
Korean summary
최근 한국 사회는 출산이 점점 늦어져 고령 임산부가 증가하고 있는 실정이고, 초저출산 시대를 맞이하여 미래세대 인구의 자질향상의 기반이 되는 여성건강은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 지역사회건강조사(Community Health Survey, CHS)의 조사자료를 활용한 이차분석연구로 임산부와 수유부의 음주 및 건강행태를 파악하고 비교하여 여성건강증진을 위한 근거자료로 활용하고자 수행되었다. 연구결과 현재 음주와 음주량은 임신여성에서, 우울과 스트레스는 수유여성에서 많은 것으로 나타났다.

Citations

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  • Maternal tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption during the perinatal period: A prospective cohort study in Greece in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic
    Maria Tigka, Dimitra Metallinou, Maria Tzeli, Katerina Lykeridou
    Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(June): 1.     CrossRef
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    Genesis D’aloisio, María Belén Acevedo, Asier Angulo-Alcalde, Verónica Trujillo, Juan Carlos Molina
    Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ju Lee Oei
    Addiction.2020; 115(11): 2148.     CrossRef
Health Statistics
Trends of liver cancer and its major risk factors in Korea
Eun-Young Lee, Tran Thi Xuan Mai, Yoonjung Chang, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015016.   Published online March 11, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015016
  • 23,888 View
  • 263 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
The Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) is one of the countries with high incidence of liver cancer and there is great difference in incidence of liver cancer between male and female. We investigated the sex-specific trends of three major risk factors of liver cancer, which are hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The incidence of liver cancer was obtained from the Cancer Registration Statistics of the National Cancer Center of Korea. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity was based on data from the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Disease statistics from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of Korea were used to evaluate trends in HCV infection and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The prevalence of these risk factors were compared with the incidence of liver cancer. Males had a three to four times higher incidence of liver cancer than females did from 1999 to 2011. This gap between the incidence for males and females increased with age and males aged 50 to 59 showed a five times higher incidence than females of the same age did. In general, HBsAg seropositivity decreased from 1998 to 2011. The prevalence of HCV infections was 96.2 and 90.3 per 100,000 females and males, respectively in 2013. The prevalences of HCV infections from 2009 to 2013 did not substantially differ. The annual average prevalence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis from 2009 to 2013 was 77.22 and 8.90 per 100,000 males and females, respectively; the prevalence among males was 8.7 times higher than that among females. The prevalence rapidly increased with age in males, and males aged 60 to 69 peaked with a 19.2 times higher prevalence than that among females of the same age group. We found that the incidence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, a major risk factor of liver cancer, exhibited a trend similar to that of liver cancer incidence in males, and this trend also differed remarkably by sex.
Summary
Korean summary
한국의 간암 발생 추세에서 나타나는 큰 남녀차이와 관련하여 간암의 주요 위험요소로 평가되는 만성 간염, 음주, 간경변과 관련한 B형간염, C형간염, 알코올성 간경변의 유병률 추세를 살펴본 결과 알코올성 간경변의 유병률 추세에서 간암발생에서와 유사한 큰 남녀차이가 발견되었다.

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Original Articles
Association between Alcohol Intake and Abdominal Obesity among the Korean Population
Mikyung Ryu, Heejin Kimm, Jaeseong Jo, Sun Ju Lee, Sun Ha Jee
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010007.   Published online May 19, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010007
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Although abdominal obesity has been reported to be highly related with alcohol intake, the results are still inconclusive. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the association between alcohol and abdominal obesity among the Korean population.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>This study included 8,603 participants (men: 5,195, women: 3,408) aged 30 to 87 who visited the health promotion centers in Seoul for routine health examinations from April, 2006 to June, 2007. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women in accordance with the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. For ever drinkers, total alcohol consumption in grams was classified into four groups (group 1, non-drinkers; group 2, 1-10 g of alcohol per day; group 3, 11-20 g of alcohol per day; and group 4, over 20 g of alcohol per day).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The mean age of the study population was 45.4 yr old (men) and 45.3 yr (women). The average waist circumference was 85.3 cm in men and 75.3 cm in women. A high alcohol intake was associated with high waist circumference in both genders. In multivariate analysis, the group of men and women drinkers consuming >20 g in a day had a large waist circumference compared with men and women non-drinkers.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>This study showed that a high alcohol intake was related to high waist circumference. Such association remained independently even after adjustment for smoking, which is strongly related to abdominal obesity.</p></sec>
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Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Alcohol drinking and Smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
Hee Sung Ha, Hyeon Woo Yim, Yong Moon Park, Jin Hee Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Ho Young Son, Moo Il Kang, Won Chul Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):281-293.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.281
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing markedly in rural area of Korea. Alcohol drinking and smoking are the main risk factors which shows the highest prevalence rate among the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and alcohol drinking and smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
METHODS
Data was obtained from 1,332(507 men, 825 women) individuals aged over 40 years who lived in rural area of Chungju city in 2007. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP ATP III criteria and waist circumference was defined by WHO-APR(Asia Pacific Region). Data analysis was carried out using SAS version 8.02.
RESULTS
In men, adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome was 2.78(1.09-7.05) for current alcohol drinker, 2.75(1.38-5.51) for past alcohol drinker, 3.25(1.58-6.67) for under 21 years old at start of alcohol drinking, 2.62(1.12-6.11) for light alcohol drinker, 6.01(2.65-13.64) for heavy alcohol drinker. In women, all the alcohol related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome. For all the smoking related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome in men and women. Adjusted odds ratio of alcohol drinking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for high blood pressure, high fasting glucose and hypertriglyceridemia in men and abdominal obesity in women. Adjusted odds ratio of cigarette smoking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for abdominal obesity in women.
CONCLUSION
Controlling alcohol drinking habits in men should be reinforced in order to prevent the metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Korea.
Summary
Intervention Study for the Effectiveness of Alcohol Restriction to Blood Pressure.
Yeon Ee Song, Kang Sook Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2001;23(2):25-32.
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Abstract
PURPOSE
To assess whether blood pressure is reduced by the intervention of intensive weekly counseling to lower alcohol intake for 12 weeks in heavy drinkers with elevated blood pressure, we conducted the quasi-experimental study through workplace health promotion program.
METHODS
Thirty workers with an average intake of alcohol over 180 g/week(2 bottles of Soju, Korean popular liquor) and with over 90 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure(DBP) or over 140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure(SBP) assigned to intervention group(15 men, IG) and control group(15 men, CG) voluntarily. Mean age was 47.2 6.5 and 43.0 5.4 years old respectivel. The goal of intervention was below 45g/week(1/2 bottle of Soju).
RESULTS
Average weekly alcohol intake after 12 weeks in IG was significantly reduced(before 300.6 114.8g/week, after 24.8 24.5g/week) compared with CG(before 334.4 150.7g/week, after 311.3 150.8g/week). In IG, SBP(before 141.5 9.4mm Hg, after 128.7 13.0mm Hg) and DBP(before 95.5 6.3mm Gg, after 88.0 10.8mm Hg) was significantly decreased after 12 weeks of alcohol restriction program, but in CG there was no change.
CONCLUSION
Restriction program of alcohol intake in workplace was so effective to reduce blood pressure among hypertensives, although this study has a limitation of small subjects, short duration of follow up and no randomized controlled design.
Summary
Nested Case-control Study on the Association between Alcohol and the Risk of Proximal Hip Fracture in the Elderly People in Korea.
Byung Joo Park, Kui Oak Jung, Hye Won Koo, Jong Myon Bae
Korean J Epidemiol. 1999;21(1):93-103.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between alcohol drinking and hip fracture in the elderly people in Korea. BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is known as one of the major health problems because of its high incidence and serious consequences in the elderly people. The association between alcohol consumption and hip fractures has not been directly evaluated yet in Korea. So we conducted a nested case-control study to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and hip fracture in the Korean elderly people. DESIGN: Nested case-control study from the Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiology Cohort (KEPEC), in Pusan, Korea.
METHODS
Seventy incident cases have been selected since 1993, and 280 controls have been matched with the cases by age and gender among the KEPEC. Average alcohol intake was calculated by multiplying frequency and amount of drinking and unit capacity of each alcohol type. Odds ratios of alcohol intake on the hip fracture and their confidence intervals were computed by using multiple logistic regression with Windows version SAS 6.12.
RESULTS
The elderly people's drinking rate is lower than the young people in Korea. In univariate analysis, crude odds ratio was 0.26 in male and adjusted odds ratio after contolling for age, smoking status, medication history, physical activity and body mass index was 0.36 in male. So current drinking reduces the risk of hip fracture. Adjusted odds ratio after controlling for age, smoking status, medication history, physical activity and body mass index odds ratio was 0.24 in female with moderate drinking.
CONCLUSION
We found that alcohol consumption reduces the risk of hip fracture in the elderly Korean. However, we could not explain the plausible mechanism with our data yet. So, we suggest the further study for elucidating the possible mechanism of the finding including the possible association between nutritional status, alcohol drinking and bone marrow density in the elderly.
Summary
Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Breast Cancer in Korea.
Dae Hee Kang, Keun Young Yoo, Sue Kyung Park, Hye Won Koo, Jun Suk Suh, Young Chul Kim, Dong Young Noh, Kuk Jin Choe
Korean J Epidemiol. 1998;20(1):60-69.
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Abstract
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of bgreast cancer in Korea. Histologically confirmed incident cases of breast cancer(n=146) were selected from the inpatients at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and Borame Hospital during 1994 to 1997. Women ithout self-reported past history of any malignandies were regarded as controls and selected at the same hospitals during the same period(n-153). Information on life-styles including cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and reproductive history were obtained by direct interview using standardixed questionnaire. Each case was matched with one control by 5-year age category(n=146). Adjusted odds ratios and 90% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional linear logistic regression model. For smokers, age at first smoking was significantly associated with the breat cancer risk(adjusted OR=14.1, 90% CI=1.24-364.2). Particularly noteworthy was an increasing tendency of the breast cancer risk with the duration of alcohol consumtion in years aong alcohol drinkers(ptrend<0.1). These findings suggest that cigarette smoking at an earlier age and alcohol intake might contribute to the risk factor of breast cancer in Korean women. Further investigation on the association between genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic metabolism enxymes of environmental carcinogens and breast cancer should be needed.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.