Table 1Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) scores according to social support, health-related behaviors, and socioeconomic status
|
n (%) |
CES-D (mean±SD) |
p-value |
Interpersonal support (ISEL) |
|
|
|
Low support (ISEL <91) |
40 (44.9) |
18.4±7.8 |
<0.01 |
High support (ISEL >91) |
49 (55.1) |
10.6±7.6 |
|
Age (yr) |
20-29 |
82 (93.2) |
14.4±8.5 |
0.13 |
30-39 |
6 (6.8) |
9.7 ±9.9 |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
<18.5 |
29 (32.6) |
14.9±8.2 |
0.43 |
18.5-24.9 |
59 (66.3) |
13.9±8.8 |
|
>24.9 |
1 (1.1) |
6.0 |
|
Sleep quality |
|
|
|
Good |
29 (32.6) |
8.3±5.3 |
<0.01 |
Poor |
60 (67.4) |
16.9±8.5 |
|
Diet |
|
|
|
Regular |
55 (61.8) |
12.6 ±8.5 |
0.02 |
Irregular |
34 (38.2) |
16.6±8.3 |
|
Household income (104 KRW) |
|
|
|
<2,000 |
18 (21.2) |
14.6±9.6 |
0.67 |
2,000-5,000 |
26 (30.6) |
12.5 ±6.8 |
|
>5,000 |
41 (48.2) |
15.0 ±9.5 |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
No |
83 (95.4) |
14.2 ±8.7 |
0.61 |
Yes |
4 (4.6) |
16.0±7.0 |
|
Alcohol consumption status |
|
|
|
No |
27 (31.0) |
14.7 ±8.9 |
0.57 |
Yes |
60 (69.0) |
14.0±8.5 |
|
Exercise |
|
|
|
No |
57 (64.8) |
15.2 ±8.6 |
0.16 |
Yes |
31 (35.2) |
12.5 ±8.4 |
|
Self-reported health status |
|
|
|
Good |
40 (46.0) |
12.1 ±9.3 |
0.02 |
Neither good nor poor |
37 (42.5) |
15.2 ± 7.3 |
|
Poor |
10 (11.5) |
19.3 ±8.1 |
|
Table 2Prevalence of depression based on center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) according to social support, health-related behaviors, and socioeconomic status
|
n (%)
|
p-value (p for trend) |
CES-D score >16 (n=33) |
CES-D score <16 (n=56) |
Interpersonal support (ISEL) |
|
|
|
Low support (ISEL<91) |
23 (57.5) |
17 (42.5) |
<0.001 |
High support (ISEL>91) |
10 (30.3) |
39 (69.6) |
|
Age (yr) |
|
|
|
20-29 |
31 (37.8) |
51 (62.2) |
0.41 |
30-39 |
1 (16.7) |
5 (83.3) |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
<18.5 |
11 (37.9) |
18 (62.1) |
1.00 |
18.5-24.9 |
22 (37.3) |
37 (62.7) |
(0.78) |
>24.9 |
0 (0.0) |
1 (100.0) |
|
Sleep quality |
|
|
|
Good |
3 (10.3) |
26 (89.7) |
<0.01 |
Poor |
30 (50.0) |
30 (50.0) |
|
Diet |
|
|
|
Regular |
16 (29.1) |
39 (70.9) |
0.07 |
Irregular |
17 (50.0) |
17 (50.0) |
|
Household income (104 KRW) |
|
|
|
<2,000 |
7 (38.9) |
11 (61.1) |
0.21 |
2,000-5,000 |
6 (23.1) |
20 (76.9) |
(0.45) |
>5,000 |
18 (73.9) |
23 (56.1) |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
No |
32 (38.6) |
51 (61.5) |
1.00 |
Yes |
1 (25.0) |
3 (75.0) |
|
Alcohol consumption status |
|
|
|
No |
13 (48.2) |
14 (51.8) |
0.28 |
Yes |
20 (33.3) |
40 (66.7) |
|
Exercise |
|
|
|
No |
23 (40.4) |
34 (59.6) |
0.60 |
Yes |
10 (32.3) |
21 (67.7) |
|
Self-reported health status |
|
|
|
Good |
11 (27.5) |
29 (72.5) |
0.17 |
Neither good nor poor |
17 (46.0) |
20 (54.1) |
(0.07) |
Poor |
5 (50.0) |
5 (50.0) |
|
Table 3Bivariate logistic regression analysis for depression based on center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) according to social support, health-related behaviors, and socioeconomic status
|
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
p-value |
Interpersonal support (ISEL) |
|
|
Low support (ISEL <91) |
5.27 (2.07-13.45) |
<0.01 |
High support (ISEL >91) |
1.00 |
|
Age (yr) |
|
|
20-29 |
3.04 (0.34-27.23) |
0.32 |
30-39 |
1.00 |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
<18.5 |
1.00 |
|
18.5-24.9 |
0.93 (0.37-2.33) |
0.87 |
>24.9 |
1.64 (0.09-28.9) |
0.73 |
Sleep quality |
|
|
Good |
1.00 |
|
Poor |
8.67 (2.37-31.73) |
<0.01 |
Diet |
|
|
Regular |
1.00 |
|
Irregular |
2.44 (1.00-5.93) |
0.04 |
Household income (104 KRW) |
|
|
<2,000 |
2.12 (0.56-7.90) |
0.26 |
2,000-5,000 |
1.00 |
|
>5,000 |
2.60 (0.86-7.84) |
0.08 |
Smoking status |
|
|
No |
1.00 |
|
Yes |
0.53 (0.05-5.33) |
0.59 |
Alcohol consumption status |
|
|
No |
1.00 |
|
Yes |
0.53 (0.21-1.36) |
0.19 |
Exercise |
|
|
No |
1.00 |
|
Yes |
1.42 (0.56-3.56) |
0.45 |
Self-reported health status |
|
|
Good |
1.00 |
|
Neither good nor poor |
2.24 (0.86-5.78) |
0.09 |
Poor |
2.63 (0.63-10.91) |
0.18 |
Table 4Multivariate logistic regression analysis for depression based on Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D)
|
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
p-value |
Interpersonal support (ISEL) |
|
|
Low support (ISEL <91) |
10.34 (2.59-41.24) |
<0.01 |
High support (ISEL >91) |
1.00 |
|
Sleep quality |
|
|
Good |
1.00 |
|
Poor |
5.23 (0.88-31.02) |
0.06 |
Diet |
|
|
Regular |
1.00 |
|
Irregular |
2.81 (0.73-10.79) |
0.13 |
Household income (104 KRW) |
|
|
<2,000 |
2.69 (0.50-14.43) |
0.24 |
2,000-5,000 |
1.00 |
|
>5,000 |
6.79 (1.51-30.52) |
0.01 |
Self-reported health status |
|
|
Good |
1.00 |
|
Neither good nor poor |
3.76 (0.83-16.97) |
0.08 |
Poor |
4.14 (0.54-31.54) |
0.16 |