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Secular trends in grip strength among Korean adults according to socioeconomic factors: the 2014-2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Harim Choe, Hoyong Sung, Yeon Soo Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025074.   Published online December 16, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025074
  • 3,322 View
  • 107 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Muscle strength is a key indicator of overall health, and its decline has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Socioeconomic factors may contribute to disparities in this decline. Therefore, this study aimed to examine trends in muscle strength and to identify groups with lower muscle strength according to socioeconomic variables.
METHODS
We analyzed data from the cross-sectional Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), including 34,080 adults. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for socioeconomic and health-related covariates, and KNHANES survey weights were applied to obtain nationally representative estimates that accounted for the complex sampling design.
RESULTS
Overall, mean grip strength significantly decreased from 2014 to 2022 in both males (from 43.45±0.24 to 41.59± 0.29 kg) and females (from 26.48±0.15 to 24.94±0.13 kg). This trend was consistently observed across all covariate strata, except for individuals aged over 70 years and those in the green-collar occupational group. In 2022, grip strength was lower among individuals with the lowest education level (26.45±0.34 vs. 34.75±0.32 kg in the undergraduate group) and the lowest household income level (29.59±0.45 vs. 34.53±0.35 kg in the highest income group), as well as among unemployed individuals (29.36± 0.30 vs. 37.00±0.47 kg in the blue-collar group), compared with their higher socioeconomic counterparts.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide descriptive evidence of grip strength trends and socioeconomic disparities in Korea. They may serve as baseline information to guide future longitudinal studies and inform public health strategies.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구에서는 한국 성인의 악력이 감소하다가 다시 회복되는 경향을 보였으며, 교육수준·소득·직업에 따라 악력의 뚜렷한 사회경제적 격차가 존재함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 낮은 악력 위험군을 식별하기 위한 기초 근거를 제공한다.
Key Message
This study demonstrates secular changes in grip strength among Korean adults and reveals persistent socioeconomic disparities by education, income, and occupation. These findings provide descriptive evidence to help identify population groups with lower grip strength.
Age-period-cohort analysis of dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio in Korea
Hee Ju Jun, Shieon Kim, Garam Jo
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025062.   Published online November 4, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025062
  • 3,037 View
  • 102 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Excessive sodium and insufficient potassium consumption are major dietary contributors to hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular diseases. The sodium-to-potassium ratio is a known predictor of blood pressure (BP) and HTN. This study evaluated 16-year-trends in dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and their associations with BP and HTN in Korea.
METHODS
Data from 76,484 participants aged 19-79 years were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2007-2022. Sodium and potassium intake were assessed using 24-hour recalls, and the sodium- to-potassium ratio was calculated. All values were energy-adjusted using the residual method. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to analyze temporal trends. Associations with BP and HTN were examined using multivariate linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for confounders.
RESULTS
Energy-adjusted sodium intake decreased across all age groups, and potassium slightly increased in the recent 5 years, though both remained suboptimal relative to recommendations. APC analyses showed increasing potassium intake with age and a reversed U-shape cohort pattern. The sodium-to-potassium ratio decreased with age and calendar year but increased in recent cohorts. A higher sodium-to-potassium ratio was strongly associated with elevated systolic (β=0.028, p<0.001) and diastolic BP (β=0.036, p<0.001), and increased odds of HTN (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.33). A linear association appeared when the sodium-to-potassium ratio exceeded 1.00 in the spline model.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite improvements, sodium intake remains excessive, and potassium insufficient, particularly in younger adults and recent cohorts. Public health interventions should prioritize reducing sodium and promoting potassium-rich foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Summary
Korean summary
한국 성인의 나트륨 섭취는 지난 16년간 감소했지만 여전히 과도한 수준이고, 칼륨 섭취는 최근 증가했으나 권장량에 미치지 못했습니다. 연령·기간·코호트(APC) 분석 결과, 나트륨-칼륨 비율이 최근 출생 코호트에서 높아지는 경향을 보였습니다. 나트륨-칼륨 비율이 높을수록 혈압 상승과 고혈압 위험 증가가 유의하게 연관되는 만큼, 공중보건적 관리가 필요합니다.
Key Message
Over the past 16 years, sodium intake among Korean adults has decreased but remains high, while potassium intake has recently increased yet still falls below recommended levels. Age-period-cohort (APC) analyses showed that the sodium-to-potassium ratio has tended to increase in more recent cohorts. Because a higher sodium-to-potassium ratio is significantly associated with elevated blood pressure and a higher risk of hypertension, targeted public health efforts are needed.
Trends in prediabetes and diabetes prevalence and associated risk factors in Vietnamese adults
That Thanh Ton, Anh Thi Ngoc Tran, Ich Thanh Do, Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thanh Binh Nguyen, Minh Tu Nguyen, Van Anh Bao Ha, Anh Quoc Tran, Huu Khoi Hoang, Binh Thang Tran
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020029.   Published online May 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020029
  • 36,717 View
  • 389 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing in Vietnam, particularly among adults aged over 45 years. This study estimated trends in diabetes and prediabetes prevalence and determined risk factors in Vietnamese adults (over 45 years).
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted based on data from an annual diabetes screening program among people aged 45-69 years in an urban city in central Vietnam (Da Nang). Joinpoint regression analyses were performed to calculate the annual percentage change and p<sub>trend</sub>-values. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors.
RESULTS
In total, 3,765 men and 9,149 women were included in this analysis. The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 2017 was 11.4% and 52.9%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in men (15.1%) than in women (10.3%), but that of prediabetes was similar in both genders (53.4% vs. 52.8%). The prevalence of prediabetes significantly increased during the study period, whereas no upward or downward trend for diabetes was observed. The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia showed no obvious trend. Obesity, a high waist-to-hip ratio, hypertension, more severe abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia were significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes and prediabetes.
CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes and prediabetes were more prevalent among people aged over 45 years than in the general population. Da Nang has experienced a marked increase in the prevalence of prediabetes. These findings have significant implications regarding the need for nationwide public health interventions and management aiming at diabetes prevention and control.
Summary

Citations

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