Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/epih/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-12.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 95 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 96 Trends in health-related behaviors of Korean adults: study based on data from the 2008 - 2014 Community Health Surveys
Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Epidemiol Health > Volume 37; 2015 > Article
Health Statistics
Trends in health-related behaviors of Korean adults: study based on data from the 2008 - 2014 Community Health Surveys
Yang Wha Kang1orcid, Yun Sil Ko1, Keon Yeop Kim2orcid, Changhyun Sung3, Dong Han Lee1, Eunkyeong Jeong1orcid
Epidemiol Health 2015;37:e2015042.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015042
Published online: September 29, 2015

1Division of Chronic Disease Control, Center for Disease Prevention, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea

2Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

3Division of Health Promotion, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Sejong, Korea

Correspondence: Eunkyeong Jeong  Division of Chronic Disease Control, Center for Disease Prevention, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28159, Korea  Tel: +82-43-719-7300, Fax: +82-43-719-7458, E-mail: jeong68@korea.kr
• Received: August 12, 2015   • Accepted: September 26, 2015

©2015, Korean Society of Epidemiology

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next
  • 20,405 Views
  • 206 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
  • Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity (multiple risks) often lead to serious health consequence and impaired health status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend in health-related behavioral factors over time among adults in South Korea (hereafter Korea). The data of 1,595,842 Koreans older than 19 years who participated in the 2008-2014 Korea Community Health Survey were analyzed to assess the trend in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors. Individual or clustering health-related behaviors were assessed according to sex, age, and region among 228,712 adults who participated in the 2014 survey. From 2008 to 2014, the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity and high-risk alcohol use increased the prevalence of male current smoking and marginally decreased walking ability. Over 7 years, the percentage of adults who reported having all three healthy behaviors (i.e., currently not smoking, not consuming alcohol or having high-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking) decreased from 35.2% in 2008 to 29.6% in 2014. Increased efforts to emphasize multiple health-related behavioral risk factors, including reducing alcohol use and smoking, and to encourage walking are needed in the thirties and forties age groups in Korea.
As South Korea (hereafter Korea) continues to develop economically, the average life expectancyof its population has also increased from 61.9 years in 1970 to 81.4 years in 2012. However, the current disability adjusted life expectancy is 73.0 years, showing a gap with the average life expectancy [1,2]. A disparity in community health status based on standardized mortality ratio was observed between regions [3]. Moreover, the number of patients with chronic illnesses is increasing owing to increasing population of elderly individuals older than 65 years. This has led to an increased interest in the burden of disease and health-related quality of life. The gap between the average life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy, the health disparity between regions, and the trends in disease patterns can be considered as results of socioeconomic developments, changes in lifestyle, and regional differences. According to the Alameda County Study, not smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, maintenance of a healthy weight, adequate amount of sleep, regular breakfast consumption, and snacking were proposed as health-related behavioral factors. Furthermore, these healthy behaviors correlated with mortality rate, either independently or in combination [4]. Healthy behaviors such as not smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, exercise, and healthy eating habits are known to prevent chronic diseases, including cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, we used the Korean Community Health Survey (CHS) to survey adults older than 19 years in Korea in order to investigate changes in main health-risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, engaging in walking, and obesity) and multiple health-related behaviors, as well as regional differences in these changes, over a period of 7 years (2008 to 2014).
We analyzed long-term data collected through the CHS over the period 2008 to 2014. The survey population of the CHS consisted of adults older than 19 years who were living residential housing (apartments and regular houses) in tong, ban/li, areas, in 254 cities, counties, and districts throughout the country. In the CHS, sample points were determined by using tong, ban/li, as the primary sampling unit, and the households surveyed were determined by using household as the secondary sampling unit. The final study subjects consisted of approximately 230,000 individuals for each year and 254 health centers from across the country, with an average of 450 households or approximately 900 household members per health center. Each result was weighted accordingly to represent local residents and was normalized for sex and age based on the estimated population in 2005 [5].
Among the indexes calculated by using data from the CHS, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking, and obesity were used as variables in the present study. First, to investigate changes in the main health-risk behaviors in the period 2008 to 2014, we examined the changes in the medians values of 4 indexes for each city and county, namely male current smoking rate, high-risk drinking rate, walking rate, and obesity rate (self-recorded). We then classified the indexes according to their rating in a scale of 10 and presented the data visually by using the geographic information system. Male current smoking rate was defined as the fraction of men who were currently smoking and had smoked more than 5 packs (100 cigarettes) in their lifetime. High-risk drinking rate was defined as the fraction of individuals who had been drinking in the recent year and drinking one sitting, at least twice per week, 7 drinks for males and 5 drinks for females. Walking rate was defined as the fraction of individuals who walked for at least 30 minutes, 5 days per week. Obesity rate (self-recorded) was defined as the fraction of individuals who had a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2, calculated by using their known height and weight.
We examined the change in the number of three types of health-risk behaviors (not currently smoking, low-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking) from 2008 to 2014. By using data from the 2014 CHS, we investigated the difference in multiple healthy behaviors according to sex, age, and region. Current non-smokers were defined as subjects who were not currently smoking. Low-risk alcohol drinkers were all the subjects who were not considered high-risk alcohol drinkers.
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (IRB no. 2014-08EXP-09-4C-A).
Change in the indexes of the major health-risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, engaging in walking, and obesity) for each year (2008-2014)
The median male current smoking rate in each city, county, and district in the 7-year period increased marginally from 49.2% in 2008 to 50.4% in 2009. However, it has been continuously decreasing since then, from 48.4% in 2010 to 47.1% in 2011, 46.4% in 2012, 45.8% in 2013, and 45.3% in 2014. The regional difference in male current smoking rate (maximum value − minimum value) declined from 30.8% in 2008 to 27.1% in 2012 but increased to 32.2% in 2014. The high-risk drinking rate decreased from 18.4% in 2008 to 14.9% in 2010 and then increased back to 18.7% in 2014. The regional difference in high-risk drinking rate fluctuated from 24.8% in 2008 to 21.9% in 2010, 19.3% in 2013, and then to 22.9% in 2014. In particular, walking rate, which represents physical activity, continuously decreased from 50.6% in 2008 to 49.4% in 2009, 43.0% in 2010, 41.7% in 2011, 40.8% in 2012, 38.2% in 2013, and 37.5% in 2014. The regional difference in walking rate decreased from 75.7% in 2008 to 52.7% in 2014. Obesity rate (selfrecorded) increased from 21.6% in 2008to 22.8% in 2009, 22.5% in 2010, 23.4% in 2011, 23.4% in 2012, 24.1% in 2013, and 25.3% in 2014. The regional difference in obesity rate decreased from 20.4% in 2008 to 16.5% in 2013 but increased to 17.3% in 2014 (Figure 1).
Practice rate for the main healthy behaviors(not smoking, low-risk alcohol use, and walking)
To understand the extent local residents practiced healthy behaviors over the 7-year period, we examined the change in the three main indexes they practiced. For the indexes investigated (not currently smoking, low-risk alcohol use, and walking), 3.7% to 4.5% of the subjects did not practice any of these behaviors. This percentage slightly increased from 2.8% in 2008 to 4.4% in 2013 and 2014. The percentage of those who practiced 1 or 2 of the behaviors showed an increasing trend every year from 60.6% in 2008 to 65.9% in 2014. Finally, the percentage of those who practiced all three indexes decreased in the past 7 years from 32.2% in 2008 to 29.6% in 2014 (Figure 2).
When examined according to age, the healthy behavior practice rates were lower in the thirties and forties age groups than in the other age groups. Of the subjects, 5.6% who were in their thirties and 6.6% who were in their forties did not practice healthy behaviors. These percentages were higher than the percentages in the twenties (3.1%), sixties (1.9%), and “older than 70 years” age groups (0.5%). All three healthy behaviors were practiced by 23.8% of the subjects in the thirties age group and by 25.0% of the subjects in the forties age group. These percentages were lower than that in the twenties (35.4%), sixties (37.2%), and “older than 70 years” age groups (33.5%). When differences were examined according to sex, females younger than 70 years (19 to 69 years old) were more prevalent than males of the same age range among those who practiced all three healthy behaviors. In particular, 40.9% of females in their fifties practiced all three healthy behaviors, indicating a 22.2% higher percentage than the percentage of males (18.7%). Moreover, the fifties age group showed most significant difference between males and females. By region, the prevalence of those who practiced all three healthy behaviors was highest in Seoul (39.3%), followed by Daejeon (34.5%) and Incheon (33.6%), and lowest in Jeju (21.3%), followed by Gyeongnam (21.5%) and Gyeongbuk (22.2%), showing regional differences. Furthermore, females were more likely to practice all three healthy behaviors in all regions, except Jeju. In particular, almost 20% more women than men living in Seoul, Busan, and Daegu practiced all three healthy behaviors, showing a large difference between sexes (Table 1).
Based on the changes in the median values of the major health-risk behaviora lfactors according to city and county among adults in Korea, as shown in the CHS in the aforementioned 7-year period, the male current smoking rate is continuously declining. However, because of the constantly decreasing walking rate and the increasing obesity rate, an appropriate intervention is needed at both the national and local levels. Although regional differences in walking rate have been decreasing, the regional difference was as large as 52.7% (17.6% to 70.3%) in 2014. Regional differences in male current smoking and obesity rates had also been decreasing until recently but increased again to 32.3% and 17.3%, respectively, in 2014. Therefore, regional differences in male current smoking and obesity rates should be monitored.
In terms of the change in the practice rate of the three representative healthy behaviors (not smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, and walking) over the 7-year period, the number of individuals who practiced 1 or 2 of the healthy behaviors increased, whereas the number of those who practiced all three healthy behaviors decreased. Individuals who practiced all three healthy behaviors accounted for 29.6% of the subjects in the 2014 CHS, and those who did not practice any of the three healthy behaviors accounted for 4.4%. Because the practice rate of healthy behaviors was lower in males than in females and in those in their thirties and forties than in those in their twenties and fifties, local health promotion strategies that target these age groups are needed. The practice rate for healthy behaviors in 17 metropolitan areas showed regional differences. Therefore, measures to improve health-related behaviors should be implemented at the metropolitan level for regions with low practice rates.
Healthy behaviors influence the development of cardiovascular diseases, the incidence of cancer, general mortality and morbidity, and health status. In particular, smoking is the most important predictive factor of diseases and death, and has been highlighted as the priority of health objectives at the national level [6,7]. Excessive drinking can cause cerebrovascular diseases by increasing blood pressure [8], and obesity and lack of walking or other exercises affect morbidity and mortality, showing a close relationship to cardiovascular diseases [9-11]. In particular, for individuals who practice good healthy behaviors, the average life expectancy is 11 years longer than those who do not practice good healthy behaviors. Because 28% of males and 43% of females who ranked highly in practicing healthy behaviors showed low mortality rates, healthy behaviors were reported to affect mortality rate [12]. Ultimately, practicing healthy behaviors not only improves individual health status and prevents diseases but also contributes to health promotion among community residents. Along with the use of an individual approach that focuses on improving individual lifestyle for health promotion, a population approach that targets communities and improves local health behavioral factors should be developed in the future, both at the regional and national levels. To achieve this, CHSs must be continuously administered to provide systematic and accumulated community health data for research studies that investigate regional differences and changes in community health indexes. Studies on community health outcomes of community interventions and follow-up observations are also needed.
This research was supported by a grant from the Health Promotion Fund of Korea (090-091-4800-4849-306).

The author have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

Supplementary material (Korean version) is available at http://www.e-epih.org/.
Figure 1.
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted trends in the prevalence of health-related risk behaviors during the period 2008-2014 in Korea, according to the Community Health Survey. (A) Male current smoking rate, (B) high-risk drinking rate, (C) walking rate, and (D) obesity rate.
epih-37-e2015042f1.gif
Figure 2.
Sex-adjusted and age-adjusted prevalence of having 0 to 3 healthy behaviors, including not currently smoking, no alcohol consumption, no high-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking as physical activity, during the period 2008-2014 in Korea, according to the Community Health Survey.
epih-37-e2015042f2.gif
Table 1.
Trend of the regional prevalence of health-related behaviors in 2014, according to the Community Health Survey (n = 228,721)
Health-related behaviors (%)
Total
Male
Female
01 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Overall 4.4 16.0 49.9 29.6 8.2 28.1 42.2 21.3 0.5 4.2 57.5 37.6
Age (yr)
 19-29 3.1 13.8 47.6 35.4 5.2 21.9 43.6 29.2 0.9 5.2 51.8 42.0
 30-39 5.6 19.4 51.2 23.8 10.1 32.8 41.0 15.9 0.8 5.3 61.9 32.0
 40-49 6.6 19.7 48.6 25.0 12.5 34.4 38.8 14.3 0.5 4.5 58.7 36.1
 50-59 4.5 16.9 48.7 29.8 8.7 30.3 42.2 18.7 0.3 3.4 55.3 40.9
 60-69 1.9 10.6 50.3 37.2 3.8 20.5 46.6 28.9 0.2 2.0 53.4 44.3
 ≥70 0.5 6.4 59.3 33.5 1.4 13.5 49.4 35.4 0.0 2.4 65.0 32.4
Region
 Seoul 2.9 12.8 44.9 39.2 5.3 22.6 43.2 28.7 0.5 3.3 46.6 49.4
 Busan 4.6 16.1 48.8 30.5 8.8 28.4 41.1 21.6 0.4 4.0 56.3 39.2
 Daegu 3.8 17.1 49.4 29.6 7.3 30.8 41.4 20.4 0.2 3.6 57.3 38.6
 Incheon 4.0 16.1 46.2 33.6 7.2 27.2 41.5 24.0 0.9 5.2 50.8 43.0
 Gwangju 4.6 16.2 55.2 24.0 8.8 29.1 44.9 17.3 0.5 3.6 65.3 30.6
 Daejeon 3.4 14.9 47.0 34.5 6.2 25.7 41.9 25.9 0.7 4.3 51.9 42.9
 Ulsan 4.0 15.9 52.5 27.6 7.5 28.1 42.6 21.9 0.6 4.0 62.2 33.1
 Sejong 4.2 15.7 56.0 24.2 8.2 27.0 45.6 19.2 0.2 4.6 66.1 29.1
 Kyonggi 4.7 16.4 50.9 28.0 8.9 28.6 42.5 19.9 0.6 4.4 59.0 35.9
 Gangwon 6.0 19.2 52.4 22.3 11.6 32.0 39.9 16.5 0.6 6.5 64.7 28.1
 Chungbuk 5.8 18.8 52.3 23.1 11.0 31.6 41.1 16.3 0.8 6.3 63.2 29.7
 Chungnam 5.0 17.0 54.2 23.7 9.5 29.8 42.1 18.4 0.7 4.4 66.0 28.8
 Jeonbuk 4.2 17.1 54.3 24.4 8.2 30.2 43.0 18.5 0.2 4.2 65.5 30.1
 Jeonnam 4.1 15.8 50.9 29.1 8.0 28.6 41.7 21.5 0.2 3.3 59.9 36.4
 Gyeongbuk 5.7 17.6 54.5 22.2 10.9 31.7 42.5 14.9 0.6 3.8 66.3 29.3
 Gyeongnam 6.0 18.9 53.6 21.5 11.7 32.6 40.8 14.8 0.5 5.4 66.2 27.9
 Jeju 5.9 19.1 53.6 21.3 10.7 33.4 39.3 16.6 1.2 5.0 67.6 26.0

1 Having 0 to 3 healthy behaviors, including not currently smoking, no alcohol consumption, no high-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking as physical activity.

  • 1. Korean Statistical Information Service. Cause of death statistics. 2013 [cited 2015 May10]. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B34E13&conn_path=I3 (Korean).
  • 2. Korea Health Promotion Foundation. Health Plan 2020 annual report. 2014 [cited 2015 May10]. Available from: http://www.khealth. or.kr/BoardType67.do?bid=62&mid=361&cmd=_view&dept=&mnu=&smnu=&idx=8509 (Korean).
  • 3. Kim JH, Yoon TH. Comparisons of health inequalities in small areas with using the standardized mortality ratios in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2008;41:300-306 (Korean).ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 4. Housman J, Dorman S. The Alameda County study: a systematic, chronological review. Am J Health Educ 2005;36:302-308.Article
  • 5. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community Health Survey. [cited 2015 Aug 12]. Available from: https://chs.cdc.go.kr/chs/ (Korean).
  • 6. US Department of Health and Human Service. The health consequences of smoking--50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General, 2014: executive. Rockville: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. p 1-19.
  • 7. Kang HY, Kim HJ, Park TK, Jee SH, Nam CM, Park HW. Economic burden of smoking in Korea. Tob Control 2003;12:37-44.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 8. Rantakömi SH, Kurl S, Sivenius J, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. The frequency of alcohol consumption is associated with the stroke mortality. Acta Neurol Scand 2014;130:118-124.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Kokkinos P. Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise, and blood pressure. Hypertension 2014;64:1160-1164.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Mathieu RA 4th, Powell-Wiley TM, Ayers CR, McGuire DK, Khera A, Das SR, et al. Physical activity participation, health perceptions, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a multiethnic population: the Dallas Heart Study. Am Heart J 2012;163:1037-1040.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 11. Froelicher VE. The effects of chronic exercise on the heart and on coronary atherosclerotic heart disease: a literature survey. 1976 [cited 2015 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a022493.pdf.
  • 12. Nandi A, Glymour MM, Subramanian SV. Association among socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and all-cause mortality in the United States. Epidemiology 2014;25:170-177.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Avoidable Mortality in Korea 1997–2001: Temporal Trend and its Contribution to All-cause Mortality
      Yoolwon Jeong, Sunghyo Seo
      International Journal of Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Discordance in Secular Trends of Bone Mineral Density Measurements in Different Ages of Postmenopausal Women
      Kwang Yoon Kim, Jaesun Park, Sungwon Yang, Junghwa Shin, Ji Hyun Park, Bumhee Park, Bom Taeck Kim
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Variability Test of Estimates of Korea Community Health Survey Data in Gyeongsangnam-do (2008-2018)
      Youngjun Seon, Baekgeun Jeong, Boyeong Jin, Zunghun Lim, Changjin Cho, Youngeun Son, Dong Wook Kim
      Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(3): 281.     CrossRef
    • Relationship of night sleep duration with health lifestyle, depressive symptoms, internet addiction in Chinese High school Students
      Yueyang Hu, Tingting Gao, Ruilin Cao, Hui Ren, Zeying Qin, Chuanen Li, Leilei Liang, Cuicui Meng, Xinmeng Guo, Jianping Lv, Songli Mei
      Sleep and Biological Rhythms.2022; 20(3): 381.     CrossRef
    • Physical Activity Trends in Korean Adults from Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey from 2014 to 2019
      Hoyong Sung, Geonhui Kim, Xiaonan Ma, Harim Choe, Yunmin Han, Jiyeon Yoon, Yeun Ryu, Yeon Soo Kim
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5213.     CrossRef
    • Healthcare vulnerability disparities in pancreatic cancer treatment and mortality using the Korean National Sample Cohort: a retrospective cohort study
      Sung Hoon Jeong, Hyeon Ji Lee, Choa Yun, Il Yun, Yun Hwa Jung, Soo Young Kim, Hee Seung Lee, Sung-In Jang
      BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association of Primary Hypertension and Risk of Cerebrovascular Diseases with Overweight and Physical Activity in Korean Women: A Longitudinal Study
      Nan Su, Yonghwan Kim, Youngin Won
      Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1093.     CrossRef
    • Trends and Correlates of High-Risk Alcohol Consumption and Types of Alcoholic Beverages in Middle-Aged Korean Adults: Results From the HEXA-G Study
      Jaesung Choi, Ji-Yeob Choi, Aesun Shin, Sang-Ah Lee, Kyoung-Mu Lee, Juhwan Oh, Joo Yong Park, Jong-koo Lee, Daehee Kang
      Journal of Epidemiology.2019; 29(4): 125.     CrossRef
    • Why is Life Expectancy in Busan Shorter than in Seoul? Age and Cause-Specific Contributions to the Difference in Life Expectancy between Two Cities
      Young-Ho Khang, Jinwook Bahk
      Yonsei Medical Journal.2019; 60(7): 687.     CrossRef
    • Lifestyle Risk Factors and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
      Inhwan Lee, Shinuk Kim, Hyunsik Kang
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(17): 3040.     CrossRef
    • Health Risk Behavior Patterns in a National Adult Population Survey
      Ulrich John, Monika Hanke, Jennis Freyer-Adam
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(5): 873.     CrossRef
    • Exposure to air pollution during preconceptional and prenatal periods and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study in Seoul, Korea
      Seung-Ah Choe, Yoon-Bae Jun, Sun-Young Kim
      BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Recent trends in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2014
      Hyun-Young Shin, Hee-Taik Kang
      Journal of Epidemiology.2017; 27(9): 413.     CrossRef
    • Modifiable lifestyle factors associated with osteoporosis in Korean men: a case-control study
      Kye-Yeung Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Hoon-Ki Park
      Archives of Osteoporosis.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Health Performance and Challenges in Korea: a Review of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
      Yo Han Lee, Seok-Jun Yoon, Arim Kim, Hyeyoung Seo, Seulki Ko
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(Suppl 2): S114.     CrossRef

    Figure
    • 0
    • 1
    Related articles
    Trends in health-related behaviors of Korean adults: study based on data from the 2008 - 2014 Community Health Surveys
    Image Image
    Figure 1. Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted trends in the prevalence of health-related risk behaviors during the period 2008-2014 in Korea, according to the Community Health Survey. (A) Male current smoking rate, (B) high-risk drinking rate, (C) walking rate, and (D) obesity rate.
    Figure 2. Sex-adjusted and age-adjusted prevalence of having 0 to 3 healthy behaviors, including not currently smoking, no alcohol consumption, no high-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking as physical activity, during the period 2008-2014 in Korea, according to the Community Health Survey.
    Trends in health-related behaviors of Korean adults: study based on data from the 2008 - 2014 Community Health Surveys
    Health-related behaviors (%)
    Total
    Male
    Female
    01 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
    Overall 4.4 16.0 49.9 29.6 8.2 28.1 42.2 21.3 0.5 4.2 57.5 37.6
    Age (yr)
     19-29 3.1 13.8 47.6 35.4 5.2 21.9 43.6 29.2 0.9 5.2 51.8 42.0
     30-39 5.6 19.4 51.2 23.8 10.1 32.8 41.0 15.9 0.8 5.3 61.9 32.0
     40-49 6.6 19.7 48.6 25.0 12.5 34.4 38.8 14.3 0.5 4.5 58.7 36.1
     50-59 4.5 16.9 48.7 29.8 8.7 30.3 42.2 18.7 0.3 3.4 55.3 40.9
     60-69 1.9 10.6 50.3 37.2 3.8 20.5 46.6 28.9 0.2 2.0 53.4 44.3
     ≥70 0.5 6.4 59.3 33.5 1.4 13.5 49.4 35.4 0.0 2.4 65.0 32.4
    Region
     Seoul 2.9 12.8 44.9 39.2 5.3 22.6 43.2 28.7 0.5 3.3 46.6 49.4
     Busan 4.6 16.1 48.8 30.5 8.8 28.4 41.1 21.6 0.4 4.0 56.3 39.2
     Daegu 3.8 17.1 49.4 29.6 7.3 30.8 41.4 20.4 0.2 3.6 57.3 38.6
     Incheon 4.0 16.1 46.2 33.6 7.2 27.2 41.5 24.0 0.9 5.2 50.8 43.0
     Gwangju 4.6 16.2 55.2 24.0 8.8 29.1 44.9 17.3 0.5 3.6 65.3 30.6
     Daejeon 3.4 14.9 47.0 34.5 6.2 25.7 41.9 25.9 0.7 4.3 51.9 42.9
     Ulsan 4.0 15.9 52.5 27.6 7.5 28.1 42.6 21.9 0.6 4.0 62.2 33.1
     Sejong 4.2 15.7 56.0 24.2 8.2 27.0 45.6 19.2 0.2 4.6 66.1 29.1
     Kyonggi 4.7 16.4 50.9 28.0 8.9 28.6 42.5 19.9 0.6 4.4 59.0 35.9
     Gangwon 6.0 19.2 52.4 22.3 11.6 32.0 39.9 16.5 0.6 6.5 64.7 28.1
     Chungbuk 5.8 18.8 52.3 23.1 11.0 31.6 41.1 16.3 0.8 6.3 63.2 29.7
     Chungnam 5.0 17.0 54.2 23.7 9.5 29.8 42.1 18.4 0.7 4.4 66.0 28.8
     Jeonbuk 4.2 17.1 54.3 24.4 8.2 30.2 43.0 18.5 0.2 4.2 65.5 30.1
     Jeonnam 4.1 15.8 50.9 29.1 8.0 28.6 41.7 21.5 0.2 3.3 59.9 36.4
     Gyeongbuk 5.7 17.6 54.5 22.2 10.9 31.7 42.5 14.9 0.6 3.8 66.3 29.3
     Gyeongnam 6.0 18.9 53.6 21.5 11.7 32.6 40.8 14.8 0.5 5.4 66.2 27.9
     Jeju 5.9 19.1 53.6 21.3 10.7 33.4 39.3 16.6 1.2 5.0 67.6 26.0
    Table 1. Trend of the regional prevalence of health-related behaviors in 2014, according to the Community Health Survey (n = 228,721)

    Having 0 to 3 healthy behaviors, including not currently smoking, no alcohol consumption, no high-risk alcohol use, and engaging in walking as physical activity.


    Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
    TOP