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1Inpatient Safety Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
3Reproductive Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
6Department of Pediatrics, Motahari Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
7Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Copyright © 2014, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Variables | Cases | Healthy controls | Hospitalized controls | p-value1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic use during the first year of life | No | 47 (28.1) | 84 (43.3) | 98 (50.8) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 120 (71.9) | 110 (56.7) | 95 (49.2) | ||
Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy | No | 145 (76.3) | 130 (75.1) | 155 (79.5) | 0.57 |
Yes | 45 (23.7) | 43 (14.9) | 40 (20.5) | ||
Sex | Male | 121 (58.1) | 113 (56.5) | 115 (57.5) | 0.91 |
Female | 85 (41.3) | 87 (43.5) | 85 (41.3) | ||
Living area | Urban | 195 (95.6) | 179 (89.9) | 181 (91.0) | 0.08 |
Rural | 9 (4.4) | 20 (10.1) | 18 (9.0) | ||
Age at time of diagnosis (yr) | 2-4 | 230 (38.4) | |||
4-6 | 208 (34.7) | ||||
6-8 | 161 (26.9) | ||||
History of passive smoking (yr) | Never | 147 (71.0) | 150 (75.0) | 140 (70.0) | 0.89 |
<10 | 34 (16.4) | 30 (15.0) | 32 (16.0) | ||
11-19 | 5 (2.4) | 4 (180.0) | 4 (1.9) | ||
≥20 | 21 (10.2) | 16 (8.2) | 24 (12.1) | ||
Birth order | 1-2 | 191 (95.5) | 179 (89.5) | 163 (81.5) | < 0.01 |
≥3 | 16 (4.5) | 20 (10.5) | 37 (18.5) | ||
Birth weight (g) | <2,500 | 15 (7.6) | 10 (5.2) | 10 (5.2) | 0.51 |
≥2,500 | 182 (92.4) | 183 (94.8) | 183 (94.8) | ||
Delivery method | Vaginal | 84 (40.6) | 91 (45.7) | 116 (58.0) | < 0.01 |
Caesarean | 123 (59.4) | 108 (54.3) | 84 (42.0) | ||
Preterm delivery (≤37 wk) | No | 174 (84.5) | 178 (89.4) | 189 (94.5) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 32 (15.5) | 21 (10.6) | 11 (5.5) | ||
History of mother smoking | No | 203 (99.5) | 197 (98.5) | 198 (99.0) | 0.54 |
Yes | 1 (0.5) | 3(1.5) | 0 (0) | ||
History of asthma or atopic disorders in the first or second degree relatives | None | 52 (25.5) | 86 (43.2) | 119 (59.5) | < 0.01 |
Asthma | 44 (21.6) | 30 (15.1) | 15 (7.5) | ||
Atopic disorders | 78 (38.2) | 64 (32.2) | 58 (29) | ||
Both | 30 (14.7) | 19 (9.5) | 8 (4) |
Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value1 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic use during the first year of life | ||||
No | 1.00 | <0.01 | 1.00 | <0.05 |
Yes | 2.26 (1.53 -3.35) | 1.91 (1.27-2.88) | ||
Adjusted variables | ||||
History of asthma or atopic disorders in the first- or second-degree relatives | ||||
None | 1.00 | <0.01 | 1.00 | <0.01 |
Asthma | 3.85 (2.30-6.45) | 3.36 (1.83-5.81) | ||
Atopic disorders | 2.52 (1.66-3.82) | 2.65 (1.67-4.20) | ||
Asthma/atopic disorders | 4.38 (2.39-8.00) | 4.43 (2.31-8.49) | ||
Preterm delivery (≤37 wk) | ||||
No | 1.00 | <0.01 | 1.00 | <0.01 |
Yes | 2.10 (1.25-3.55) | 2.21 (1.23-3.99) | ||
Birth order | ||||
1-2 | 1.00 | 0.01 | NA | |
≥3 | 0.7 (0.52-0.94) | |||
Delivery method | ||||
Vaginal | 1.00 | <0.01 | NA | |
Caesarean | 1.57 (1.12-2.21) |
Values are presented as number (%). 1Chi squared or Fisher’s exact test.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable. 1p-value in the univariate regression model.