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In Korea, thr reported prevalence of HBsAg in apparently health persons varies as 7.5 to 13.3% in adults and 3.9 to 5.9% in school children. Suggesting, this country belongs to high prevalent area in the world. B hepatitis has been classified into acute and chronic, apparent and inapparent infection, and the prognosis of HBsAg chronic carrier is also variable from complete recovery to fatal outcome such as liver cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. In order to assess the status of infection accurately, the follow-up examination on HBV serologic markers for the considerable period is necessary. To study the chronological change of serologic markers of HBV infection, authors carried out three successive examinations on HBsAg(by RP-HA) and Anti-HBs(by PHA) of the school children in June, 1985, April 1986 and June 1987. Vaccinees was excluded in the analysis of data. The results are summarized as follows. 1. HBsAg positive rates in 1985, 1986 and 1987 were 5.89%, 5.67% and 4.29%, and Anti-HBs positive rates 9.68%, 16.75% and 13.50%, repectively. 2. The various chronological changes of serologic markers of HBV infection was observed. All 5 cases who became HBsAg positive in 1986 reversed to be HBsAg negative in 1987, suggesting the newly infected persons in this age group do not ordinarily turn to chronic carrier. Any Anti-HBs positive (58 cases) in 1985 and 1986 did not became HBsAg positives in the next years. So, it is confirmed that Anti-HBs has protective property to HBV infection. 3. Average incidence rate of HBV infection was 7.00(95% C.I.; 4.86-9.34) per 100 person-years. The rate showed a trend of increase as the age increased(5-9yrs; 4.87, 10-14yrs; 5.99, 15-17; 18.87), and the rate in male(8.80) was higher than in female(5.45). Average loss rate of Anti-HBs was 26.64(95% C.I.; 15.42-39.25) per 100 person-years. Period prevalence rate of HBsAg chronic carrier was 4.36%(95% C.I.; 2.18-6.85) and no sex difference was observed. The rate was highest(6.42%) in 5-9 years group and lowest(3.13%) in 10-14 years group, though statistically not significant.