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Editorial
The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): current status and challenges - Yuna Kim
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Epidemiol Health 2014;36:e2014002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014002
Published online: April 30, 2014
Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Correspondence: Yuna Kim Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-951, Korea Tel: +82-43-719-7461, Fax: +82-43-719-7527, E-mail: yunaghim@korea.kr
• Received: March 31, 2014 • Accepted: April 3, 2014
Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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- The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is a national program designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in Korea. Since 1998, the KNHANES has collected data obtained by direct physical examination, clinical and laboratory tests, personal interviews, and related measurement procedures. These data are used to estimate the prevalence of chronic disease in the total population or monitor trends in the prevalence and risk behaviors.
OVERVIEW
- The KNHANES was conducted on a triennial basis from 1998 to 2005. In 2007, the survey became a continuous, annual survey program conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) and a variety of health measurements were added to the basic design to meet emerging data needs [1]. Since 2008, all health examination components have been conducted in the Mobile Examination Centers (MECs) that travel to each survey location. These MECs provide a standardized environment and equipment. In 2013, the computer-assisted personal interview system was introduced for both the health interview and nutrition surveys.
BRIEF HISTORY
- The KNHANES uses a complex, multi-stage probability sample design. The sample represents the total non-institutionalized civilian population of Korea. Since its development, the KNHANES sample design has changed to an on-going annual survey. Since 2007, every year and any combination of consecutive years comprise a nationally representative sample. A three-stage sample design is used for the KNHANES. The primary sample units (PSUs) are selected from a sampling frame of all census blocks or resident registration addresses. Each PSU consists of approximately 50-60 households. Following the selection of PSUs, all dwelling units in the PSU are listed and 20 households are selected through the field survey for household screening. The final stage of selection occurs in the household, where all members aged 1 year and over are selected to participate. Approximately 10,000 persons are sampled in total in all 192 PSUs per year. The expected total sample size is based on past KNHANES waves using the response rates for each subdomain of interest. The goal for the overall response rate for the KNHANES is 75%.
SAMPLING METHODS
- Data on certain aspects of individuals’ lifestyles, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, reproductive health, and dietary intake are collected. The diseases or medical conditions examined include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatitis, chronic kidney disease, oral health, anemia, arthritis, osteoporosis, thyroid function, and environmental exposures (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium, cotinine). Depending on the age of the participant, the extent of examination differs. In general, blood and urine samples are collected from participants aged 10 years and over [2].
SURVEY CONTENTS
- Health interviews and examinations are performed in the MECs and then the nutrition survey is conducted in the respondents’ homes a week later. The field operation team consists of nurses, a dentist, a radiological technician, interviewers, and dietitians. The MEC is open three days each week for 48 weeks of the year, with breaks of approximately two weeks each at New Years and during the summer. An advanced computer system with servers, notebook computers, and wide-area networking house all of the data. The operations staff can automatically transmit data into central databases. Survey information is available to KCDC staff within 24 hours of collection.
SURVEY OPERATION
- The objective of the KNHANES quality control program is to eliminate, control, and measure measurement errors. Non-sampling errors arise from numerous sources such as measurement and recording, recall problems, and interviewers’ mistakes. To reduce non-sampling errors, KCDC headquarters employs the following strategies: periodic staff training and field procedure monitoring by outside experts; feedback mechanisms; certification of examiners; use of a standardized environment; calibration of equipment on a regular basis; and comparison of findings over time. All laboratory samples are analyzed by a certified contract laboratory. The laboratory data quality control program monitors laboratory performance to ensure that all analytical values meet acceptable standards of precision and accuracy.
QUALITY CONTROL
- To produce unbiased cross-sectional estimates for the entire Korean population, the sample data can be inflated to the level of the population from which the sample is drawn. The most important consideration in analyzing KNHANES data involves taking into account the survey design. Survey sample weights should be used and the complex survey design must be accounted for in the estimation of variance [3]. The proper usage of sampling weights ensures that calculated estimates are truly representative of the Korean population. The sampling weights for each sample person are the product of three factors: the reciprocal of the probabilities of selection (PSU, household); an adjustment for non-response (household, person); and a post-stratification factor to make the resulting survey estimates for age, sex, metropolitan area, or province category approximately equal to the total population of Korea. To analyze samples over multiple years, sampling weights can be averaged over the sampled years. Age-adjustment is important to consider for trend analyses and comparisons between subgroups with different age distributions within KNHANES. The recommended standard population for comparison continues to be the projected population from 2005 by Statistics Korea.
DATA ANALYSIS
- The KNHANES data are released for public use within one year of the end of each survey year. Documents such as the survey manuals and analytic guidelines are also provided to inform users of the limitations of the data. These are updated and expanded after each data release. Because the survey components and methods could vary with the year, all users, prior to any analysis of the KNHANES data, should read all relevant documentation on the survey. For users and researchers throughout the world, micro-data (in the form of SAS and SPSS files) and analytic guidelines can be downloaded on the KNHANES website in Korean (http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/) free of charge. An English version of this website will be online by the end of 2014. Data that pose a risk of disclosure of the identity of a participant, such as the dates of data collection and detailed addresses, are not released to the public. These data are available only through the KCDC Division of Health and Nutrition Survey (DHANS). The DHANS provides on-site secure access to the full data set, while continuing to protect the confidentiality of respondents. In addition, the KCDC has organized an annual workshop designed to meet growing demands of KNHANES data users and promote broader, more proficient use of KNHANES data. Main workshop topics include how to prepare analytical data files such as locating variables of interest, merging data files, and using appropriate sample weights, as well as how to generate statistical estimates in SAS or SPSS. The 2014 KNHANES data analysis workshop is to be held on July 2. Participants need to register online through the KNHANES website (as shown above). Registration for the workshop will start in early June on a first-come, first-serve basis (visit the KNHANES website for more detailed information).
DATA DISSEMINATION
- The KNHANES is a survey of major importance to public health in Korea. It has achieved and maintained this position because of the breadth and depth of its data. The KNHANES has evolved to meet the health data needs of the nation. Its data are used to establish, develop, monitor, and evaluate national health programs and policies. The KNHANES produces objective, standardized data on the prevalence of a wide range of disease, conditions, and risk factors in the population. In addition, the KNHANES sets the standards for a large number of physiological measurements, including height and weight, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and bone density. KNHANES data indicate the average and distribution of these measures in the population, thus creating reference populations with which other researchers may compare their results. The current KNHANES is widely viewed as having the best collection of individual tests and measures in Korea, thereby making it perhaps the most effective survey overall.
VALUE OF THE KNHANES
- The KNHANES faces challenges in its survey design and operations. First, the annual sample size is fixed due to financial and operational constraints, detailed demographic or geographic subgroups are too small to produce reliable estimates. Additionally, KNHANES respondents are not asked to participate in all survey components. For example, one-third of the total examined group is chosen at random to give heavy metals blood samples. Therefore, data users are cautioned to review sample sizes prior to attempting analyses previously performed by subgroups. With small sample sizes, analysts should consider combining subgroups. The KNHANES has been asked to oversample certain groups of particular interest for public health. The use of subgroup oversampling can ensure sufficient numbers, thus increasing the reliability and precision of estimates of health status indicators for these subgroups. Second, the KNHANES is designed as a cross-sectional study and longitudinal follow-up is limited to linkages of survey participants with National Health Insurance data and National Cancer Registry data. Interspersing cross-sectional and longitudinal components has been explored, but the effort to follow-up with the respondents was abandoned due to financial constraints and operational problems. Nonetheless, there is certainly strong scientific value in the longitudinal components and still a great deal of interest in designing future components of this nature. Finally, response rates have declined since 2010. There are challenges to obtaining or maintaining sample participation in each iteration of the survey, and a significant amount of staff time and resources are devoted to maintaining survey response rates. In a statistical sense, nonresponse can be considered either ignorable or nonignorable. If nonrespondents have significantly different characteristics from respondents, ignoring nonresponse leads to biased estimates. Methods of nonresponse bias analysis need to be developed and performed as soon as possible. However, the KNHANES budget is expected to be static over the next few years, and expenses will increase because of rising operating charges, meaning that there are no extra funds to meet these needs. This is a critical time for reviewing and rethinking the KNHANES. With the nation facing escalating chronic disease driven by the poor health habits of modern lifestyles, the KNHANES data will be even more useful in discovering intervention points and directing prevention strategies. The KNHANES has the scientific capacity to achieve this and more, but the survey needs to be supported at a level commensurate with its important mission.
CHALLENGES AND THE FUTURE
- 1. Oh K, Lee J, Lee B, Kweon S, Lee Y, Kim Y. Plan and operation of the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Korean J Epidemiol 2007;29:139-145 (Korean).
- 2. Kweon S1, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol 2014;43:69-77.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 3. Lee WJ, Kim HC, Oh SM, Choi DP, Cho J, Suh I. Factors associated with a low-sodium diet: the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiol Health 2013;35:e2013005.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
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Journal of Personalized Medicine.2021; 11(10): 968. CrossRef - Synergistic associations of visual and self-reported hearing acuity with low handgrip strength in older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study
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BMC Geriatrics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between Relative Handgrip Strength and Chronic Lower Back Pain: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sungwoo Choi, Sangun Nah, Haedong Jang, Jieun Moon, Sangsoo Han
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(20): 10770. CrossRef - Using Dietary Macronutrient Patterns to Predict Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Representative Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study
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Nutrients.2021; 13(11): 4031. CrossRef - Association Between Sarcopenic Obesity and Pulmonary Function in Korean Elderly: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Seung Eun Lee, Ju-Hyun Park, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Yun-Seong Kang, Han Seok Choi
Calcified Tissue International.2020; 106(2): 124. CrossRef - Nineteen-year trends in fermented food consumption and sodium intake from fermented foods for Korean adults from 1998 to 2016
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Public Health Nutrition.2020; 23(3): 515. CrossRef - Self-reported depression in cancer survivors versus the general population: a population-based propensity score-matching analysis
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Quality of Life Research.2020; 29(2): 483. CrossRef - Positive Effects of the National Cigarette Price Increase Policy on Smoking Cessation in South Korea
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Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2020; 83(1): 71. CrossRef - Cigarette Smoking in Men and Women and Electronic Cigarette Smoking in Men are Associated with Higher Risk of Elevated Cadmium Level in the Blood
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Trends and sociodemographic factors of e‐cigarette use among adult daily smokers in South Korea
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The International Journal of Health Planning and Management.2020; 35(4): 960. CrossRef - Variability in sociodemographic factors and obesity in Korean children: a cross-sectional analysis of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data (2007–2015)
Hae Jeong Lee, Sung Hoon Kim, Mi Hyeon Jin, Ju Suk Lee
Annals of Epidemiology.2020; 43: 51. CrossRef - Association between weekend catch-up sleep and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in adults: a population-based study
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Sleep.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Association Between Macronutrients Intake and Depression in the United States and South Korea
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Frontiers in Psychiatry.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between Reallocation Behaviors and Subjective Health and Stress in South Korean Adults: An Isotemporal Substitution Model
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International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2020; Volume 15: 1005. CrossRef- Cumulative Social Risk and Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample
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Environmental Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Ten-Year trends and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population, 2008–2017
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Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2020; 63(7): 278. CrossRef - Impact of dietary risk factors on cardiometabolic and cancer mortality burden among Korean adults: results from nationally representative repeated cross-sectional surveys 1998–2016
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Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(4): 384. CrossRef - Serum Vitamin D Concentrations Are Associated With Depressive Symptoms in Men: The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014
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Frontiers in Psychiatry.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between dietary sodium intake and disease burden and mortality in Koreans between 1998 and 2016: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(5): 501. CrossRef - The Attributable Risk of Smoking on All-Cause Mortality in Korean: A Study Using KNHANES IV–VI (2007–2015) with Mortality Data
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Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2020; 83(4): 268. CrossRef - Sex differences in the association between self-rated health and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Koreans: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0240195. CrossRef - Impact of the severity of restrictive spirometric pattern on nutrition, physical activity, and quality of life: results from a nationally representative database
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Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake is Inversely Associated with Sarcopenic Obesity in Women but not in Men, Based on the 2014–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(12): 3856. CrossRef - Effects of Income Level on the Association Between Hypertension and Depression: 2010-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(6): 439. CrossRef - Association between Reproductive Span and Sarcopenia
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 18(1): 154. CrossRef - Investigating the Drivers of Smoking Cessation: A Role of Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems?
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SSRN Electronic Journal .2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Effect of comorbid depression on health-related quality of life of patients with chronic diseases: A South Korean nationwide study (2007–2015)
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Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2019; 116: 17. CrossRef - Association Between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Data From the 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2019; 31(1): 18. CrossRef - Abdominal Obesity is Associated With Lower Bone Mineral Density in Non-Weight-Bearing Site in Korean Men
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American Journal of Men's Health.2019; 13(1): 155798831881349. CrossRef - Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with suicidal ideation and depression in adults: A nationally representative sample of the Korean population
Jeong-Kyung Ko, Kyu-Man Han, Cheolmin Shin, Seung-Hoon Lee, Changsu Han, Yong-Ku Kim, Ho-Kyong Yoon, Young-Hoon Ko
Journal of Affective Disorders.2019; 249: 319. CrossRef - Assessment of the validity of multiple obesity indices compared with obesity-related co-morbidities
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Public Health Nutrition.2019; : 1. CrossRef - Factors and help-seeking behaviors associated with depression in Korean adults: Review of data from 2014 and 2016 Korea national health and nutrition examination surveys
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Psychiatry Research.2019; 275: 10. CrossRef - Differential Control Rate of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure among Korean Adults with Hypertension: the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015 (KNHANES VI)
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Korean Circulation Journal.2019; 49(11): 1035. CrossRef - Identifying depression in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using a deep learning algorithm
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Journal of Affective Disorders.2019; 257: 623. CrossRef - Secular Trends in Lipid Profiles in Korean Adults Based on the 2005–2015 KNHANES
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(14): 2555. CrossRef - Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Korean toddlers 12–24 months of age with comparison to the dietary recommendations
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Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(4): 344. CrossRef - Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Korea
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Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Gender Differences in Harmful Use of Alcohol Among Korean Adults
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Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(4): 205. CrossRef - Prevalence of Periodontitis and Its Association with Reduced Pulmonary Function: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Medicina.2019; 55(9): 581. CrossRef - Anisometropia and Visual Impairment in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010
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Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2019; 24(3): 189. CrossRef - The Association between Depressive Mood and Cholesterol Levels in Korean Adolescents
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Psychiatry Investigation.2019; 16(10): 737. CrossRef - Age moderates the effect of socioeconomic status on physical activity level among south Korean adults: cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative sample
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BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency in an Adult Population in South Korea
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Optometry and Vision Science.2019; 96(11): 866. CrossRef - Differences in prevalence of hypertension subtypes according to the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension and 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2017 (
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Clinical Hypertension.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Lower hand grip strength in older adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a nationwide population-based study
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Aging.2019; 11(13): 4547. CrossRef - Association of carbohydrate and fat intake with metabolic syndrome
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International Journal of Obesity.2018; 42(3): 327. CrossRef - Recent Trends in Blood Pressure According to Economic Status: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey From 2005 to 2015
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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2018; 30(3): 266. CrossRef - Trends in Blood Pressure and Prevalence of Hypertension in Korean Adults Based on the 1998–2014 KNHANES
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Yonsei Medical Journal.2018; 59(3): 356. CrossRef - Assessment of ferrocyanide intake from food-grade salt in the Korean population
Ho Soo Lim, Ju Young Hwang, EunA Choi, Gunyoung Lee, Sang Soon Yun, MeeKyung Kim
LWT.2018; 93: 620. CrossRef - Trends in influenza vaccination coverage rates in South Korea from 2005 to 2014: Effect of public health policies on vaccination behavior
Jeongmin Seo, Juwon Lim
Vaccine.2018; 36(25): 3666. CrossRef - Environmental health surveillance in a future European health information system
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Archives of Public Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Alcohol consumption frequency or alcohol intake per drinking session: Which has a larger impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components?
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Alcohol.2018; 71: 15. CrossRef - High Prevalence of Asthma in Elderly Women: Findings From a Korean National Health Database and Adult Asthma Cohort
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Lipids in Health and Disease.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - The association between muscular strength and depression in Korean adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI) 2014
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BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Physical activity status by pain severity in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a nationwide study in Korea
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Periodontitis and platelet count: A new potential link with cardiovascular and other systemic inflammatory diseases
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Drug and Alcohol Dependence.2017; 171: 9. CrossRef - Serum lipid levels in depression and suicidality: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014
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Journal of Affective Disorders.2017; 213: 51. CrossRef - Effect of socio‐economic status on sleep
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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.2017; 53(6): 592. CrossRef - Prevalence and Factors Associated with the Use of Eye Care Services in South Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2012
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Korean Journal of Ophthalmology.2017; 31(1): 58. CrossRef - Lower urinary cotinine level is associated with a trend toward more myopic refractive errors in Korean adolescents
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Eye.2017; 31(7): 1060. CrossRef - Prevalence of symptomatic hip, knee, and spine osteoarthritis nationwide health survey analysis of an elderly Korean population
Jung-Ho Park, Jae-Young Hong, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Woo Suh, Si-Young Park, Jae-Hyuk Yang, Seung-Woo Han
Medicine.2017; 96(12): e6372. CrossRef - Clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors among Korean adults with metabolic syndrome
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PLOS ONE.2017; 12(3): e0174567. CrossRef - The association between periodontitis and sleep duration
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Journal of Clinical Periodontology.2017; 44(5): 490. CrossRef - Prevalence of Self-reported Allergic Diseases and IgE Levels: A 2010 KNHANES Analysis
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Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research.2017; 9(4): 329. CrossRef - The distribution of blood concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in residents of the German Ruhr area and its potential association with occupational exposure in metal industry and/or other risk factors
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International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2017; 220(6): 998. CrossRef - Relationship between abdominal obesity and alcohol drinking pattern in normal-weight, middle-aged adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013
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Public Health Nutrition.2017; 20(12): 2192. CrossRef - Global comparison of national individual food consumption surveys as a basis for health research and integration in national health surveillance programmes
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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.2017; 76(4): 549. CrossRef - Stomach Cancer Disparity among Korean Americans by Tumor Characteristics: Comparison with Non-Hispanic Whites, Japanese Americans, South Koreans, and Japanese
Eunjung Lee, Lihua Liu, Juanjuan Zhang, Mariana C. Stern, Afsaneh Barzi, Amie Hwang, Andre E. Kim, Ann S. Hamilton, Anna H. Wu, Dennis Deapen
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2017; 26(4): 587. CrossRef - Does Race/Ethnicity Have a Role in a Link Between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Metabolic Syndrome?
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European Medical Journal.2017; : 69. CrossRef - Household food insufficiency is associated with dietary intake in Korean adults
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Public Health Nutrition.2016; 19(6): 1112. CrossRef - Associations between the number of natural teeth in postmenopausal women and duration of lactation: The 2010–2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Maturitas.2016; 85: 73. CrossRef - Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Albuminuria
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Medicine.2016; 95(3): e2500. CrossRef - Associations Between the Periodontal Disease in Women Before Menopause and Menstrual Cycle Irregularity
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Medicine.2016; 95(6): e2791. CrossRef - Sarcopenia is associated with significant liver fibrosis independently of obesity and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008‐2011)
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Hepatology.2016; 63(3): 776. CrossRef - Prevalence of Frailty and Aging-Related Health Conditions in Older Koreans in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Aging Study of Pyeongchang Rural Area
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(3): 345. CrossRef - Educational attainment moderates the associations of diabetes education with health outcomes
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International Journal of Nursing Practice.2016; 22(5): 444. CrossRef - Ultrasound measurement of pediatric visceral fat thickness: correlations with metabolic and liver profiles
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Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2016; 21(2): 75. CrossRef - Incremental Predictive Value of Serum AST-to-ALT Ratio for Incident Metabolic Syndrome: The ARIRANG Study
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PLOS ONE.2016; 11(8): e0161304. CrossRef - The relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: A cross-sectional study using data from KNHANES 2010–2012
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Respiratory Medicine.2015; 109(1): 96. CrossRef - The uniform chest compression depth of 50 mm or greater recommended by current guidelines is not appropriate for all adults
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The American Journal of Emergency Medicine.2015; 33(8): 1037. CrossRef - Undiagnosed diabetes is prevalent in younger adults and associated with a higher risk cardiometabolic profile compared to diagnosed diabetes
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American Heart Journal.2015; 170(4): 760. CrossRef - Relationship Between Forced Vital Capacity and Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score Beyond the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome
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Medicine.2015; 94(47): e2089. CrossRef - Spatial epidemiology of dry eye disease: findings from South Korea
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