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1Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
3Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
4Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
© 2011, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
This article is available from: http://e-epih.org/.
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; FH, family history.
*Hypertension=systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or on medication.
6.52Model 1=Adjusted for age, WC, BMI, adiponectin, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, HDL-C and FH of diabetes; Model 2=Model 1+HOMA-IR.
IFG, impaired fasting glucose; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
*Age adjusted prevalence (%) of IFG.
Model 1=Adjusted for age, WC, BMI, adiponectin, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, HDL-C and FH of diabetes; Model 2=Model 1+HOMA-IR.
IFG, impaired fasting glucose; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
*Age adjusted prevalence (%) of IFG.
Men (n = 17,180) |
Women (n = 10,369) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥7.4 µg/mL |
4.7-7.4 µg/mL |
<4.7 µg/mL |
p | ≥12 μg/mL |
7.4-11.9 μg/mL |
<7.4 µg/mL |
p | |
Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean ± SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Age (yr) | 43.3±10.9 | 42.9±9.7 | 43.4±9.0 | 0.017 | 41.9±11.3 | 42.4±10.6 | 43.5±9.8 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6±2.8 | 24.4±2.7 | 25.1 ±2.7 | <0.001 | 21.7±2.8 | 22.3±3.0 | 23.1 ±3.1 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 81.9±7.8 | 84.3±7.4 | 86.1 ±7.3 | <0.001 | 71.5±7.6 | 73.7±7.8 | 76.1 ±8.3 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 121.1 ±13.3 | 122.2 ±13.2 | 123.7±13.0 | <0.001 | 112.4 ± 14.4 | 113.2±14.6 | 115.0 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.9±10.3 | 77.7±10.4 | 78.7±10.6 | <0.001 | 71.0±9.9 | 71.7±10.0 | 72.6±10.5 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.9±9.8 | 48.7± 9.0 | 46.9±9.3 | <0.001 | 60.0±11.7 | 57.3±11.0 | 54.5±11.0 | < 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 87.2±10.3 | 89.2±10.5 | 92.1 ±10.8 | <0.001 | 84.0±8.6 | 85.7±9.2 | 88.1 ±9.6 | < 0.001 |
Insulin ^L U/mL) | 4.4±2.7 | 5.0±3.0 | 5.3±3.3 | <0.001 | 4.0±2.2 | 4.3±2.5 | 4.8±2.8 | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 0.9±0.6 | 1.1 ±0.7 | 1.2±0.8 | <0.001 | 0.8±0.5 | 0.9±0.6 | 1.0±0.7 | < 0.001 |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |||
Smoking (yes) | 39.2 | 42.6 | 44.8 | <0.001 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 0.096 |
Alcohol drinking (yes) | 85.2 | 87.1 | 88.4 | <0.001 | 50.6 | 47.0 | 45.5 | < 0.001 |
Exercise (yes) | 63.3 | 63.9 | 63.5 | 0.773 | 47.6 | 49.2 | 48.2 | 0.403 |
IFG (yes) | 11.9 | 15.4 | 22.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 7.4 | 11.5 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (yes)* | 19.8 | 22.3 | 25.7 | <0.001 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 14.2 | < 0.001 |
FH of diabetes (yes) | 9.9 | 13.0 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 17.3 | < 0.001 |
FH of hypertension (yes) | 14.1 | 16.2 | 17.8 | <0.001 | 18.2 | 19.6 | 22.4 | < 0.001 |
Variables | Tertile | Level | IFG | Rate* | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||
WC (cm) | T1 | <81.0 | 543 | 9.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 81.0-86.9 | 860 | 13.2 | 1.42 | 1.24-1.63 | 1.18 | 1.03-1.36 | |
T3 | ≥87.0 | 1,443 | 18.3 | 1.83 | 1.57-2.15 | 1.31 | 1.11-1.54 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | T1 | <23.1 | 644 | 10.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 23.1 -25.3 | 938 | 13.3 | 0.99 | 0.86-1.12 | 0.84 | 0.73-0.96 | |
T3 | ≥ 25.4 | 1,264 | 18.6 | 1.13 | 0.97-1.32 | 0.81 | 0.69-0.95 | |
Adiponectin ^g/mL) | T3 | ≥7.4 | 691 | 10.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 4.7-7.4 | 869 | 13.2 | 1.26 | 1.13 - 1.41 | 1.20 | 1.07-1.35 | |
T1 | < 4.7 | 1,286 | 18.8 | 1.87 | 1.68-2.08 | 1.76 | 1.58-1.97 | |
HOMA-IR | T1 | <0.73 | 427 | 6.0 | 1.00 | |||
T2 | 0.73-1.22 | 834 | 12.4 | 2.23 | 1.96-2.54 | |||
T3 | ≥ 1.22 | 1,585 | 25.6 | 5.72 | 5.02-6.52 |
Variables | Tertile | Level | IFG | Rate* | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||
WC (cm) | T1 | <70.0 | 116 | 7.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 70.0-76.9 | 206 | 5.8 | 1.07 | 0.81-1.42 | 0.98 | 0.73-1.31 | |
T3 | â¥77.0 | 483 | 11.1 | 1.60 | 1.17-2.19 | 1.25 | 0.90-1.73 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | T1 | <20.9 | 132 | 6.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 20.9-23.2 | 199 | 6.1 | 0.95 | 0.72-1.24 | 0.85 | 0.64-1.12 | |
T3 | ⥠23.3 | 474 | 11.0 | 1.30 | 0.96-1.75 | 0.91 | 0.66-1.24 | |
Adiponectin µg/mL) | T3 | â¥12 | 153 | 4.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
T2 | 7.4-11.9 | 255 | 7.9 | 1.62 | 1.31-2.01 | 1.52 | 1.22-1.90 | |
T1 | <7.4 | 397 | 11.8 | 2.37 | 1.93-2.91 | 2.17 | 1.76-2.68 | |
HOMA-IR | T1 | <0.63 | 60 | 2.2 | 1.00 | |||
T2 | 0.63-1.03 | 178 | 5.6 | 2.94 | 2.17-3.97 | |||
T3 | â¥1.03 | 567 | 15.9 | 9.75 | 7.34-12.95 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; FH, family history. *Hypertension=systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or on medication.
6.52Model 1=Adjusted for age, WC, BMI, adiponectin, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, HDL-C and FH of diabetes; Model 2=Model 1+HOMA-IR. IFG, impaired fasting glucose; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. *Age adjusted prevalence (%) of IFG.
Model 1=Adjusted for age, WC, BMI, adiponectin, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, HDL-C and FH of diabetes; Model 2=Model 1+HOMA-IR. IFG, impaired fasting glucose; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. *Age adjusted prevalence (%) of IFG.