Figure 1Associations between the presence of ELC and estimated baPWV in males, premenopausal females, and postmenopausal females.
Table 1Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects
Characteristic (unit) |
Total
|
Male
|
Female (premenopause)
|
Female (postmenopause)
|
Malevsfemale
|
Premenopausal vs postmenopausal
|
(N=573) |
(N=393) |
(N=80) |
(N=100) |
p value |
p value |
Age (yr) |
50.98 ±9.23 |
51.19 ±8.45 |
43.03 ±10.65 |
56.54 ±6.02 |
0.4692 |
<0.0001 |
Earlobe crease (yes) |
109 (19.02%) |
87 (22.14%) |
7 (8.75%) |
15 (15%) |
0.0071* |
0.2969* |
Body mass index (cm/m2) |
24.05 ±2.94 |
24.55±2.75 |
21.96 ±2.74 |
23.77 ±3.10 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
81.63±8.72 |
84.26 ±7.57 |
72.81 ±7.96 |
78.31 ±7.78 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
117.65 ±12.68 |
119.12±11.81 |
110.18±11.64 |
117.83 ± 14.67 |
<0.0001 |
0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
76.16± 10.54 |
77.99 ±10.16 |
69.64 ±8.76 |
74.16± 10.93 |
<0.0001 |
0.0024 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) |
91.45 ±14.77 |
93.38 ±16.37 |
83.88±8.32 |
89.94 ±8.99 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
202.35 ±31.63 |
202.68 ±31.41 |
193.03±30.69 |
208.50 ±31.82 |
0.7101 |
0.0011 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
140.50 ±74.52 |
155.37 ±78.66 |
92.59 ±40.42 |
120.40 ±56.02 |
<0.0001 |
0.0002 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
54.16± 13.29 |
51.09 ±11.55 |
63.90 ±15.21 |
58.45± 13.23 |
<0.0001 |
0.0124 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
124.62 ±28.01 |
126.42 ±27.68 |
112.38 ±28.62 |
127.34 ±26.54 |
0.0229 |
0.0004 |
Smoking status (pack year) |
9.90 ±13.91 |
13.98 ±14.72 |
0.44 ±1.81 |
1.47±6.88 |
<0.0001 |
0.1549 |
FHx of cardio (yes) |
72 (12.57%) |
50 (12.72%) |
12 (15%) |
10 (10%) |
0.9745* |
0.4303* |
baPWV (cm/s) |
1401.98 ±172.28 |
1408.75±166.28 |
1319.69 ±170.58 |
1441.19± 177.69 |
0.1647 |
<0.0001 |
Table 2Simple correlation analysis between baPWV (cm/s) and other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors
Variables (unit) |
Male
|
Female (premenopause)
|
Female (postmenopause)
|
r |
p value |
r |
p value |
r |
p value |
Age (years) |
0.31 |
<0.0001 |
0.61 |
<0.0001 |
0.40 |
<0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
-0.08 |
0.1233 |
0.24 |
0.0309 |
-0.03 |
0.7619 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
0.03 |
0.5371 |
0.41 |
0.0002 |
0.03 |
0.7619 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
0.39 |
<0.0001 |
0.50 |
<0.0001 |
0.51 |
<0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
0.35 |
<0.0001 |
0.22 |
0.0457 |
0.32 |
0.0010 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) |
0.20 |
<0.0001 |
0.33 |
0.0030 |
0.16 |
0.1079 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.18 |
0.0003 |
0.07 |
0.5556 |
0.12 |
0.2400 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
0.09 |
0.0758 |
0.25 |
0.0257 |
-0.06 |
0.5350 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
-0.05 |
0.3190 |
-0.31 |
0.0053 |
-0.07 |
0.5020 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.16 |
0.0013 |
0.18 |
0.1081 |
0.19 |
0.0538 |
Smoking status (pack year) |
-0.04 |
0.4744 |
0.01 |
0.9072 |
-0.14 |
0.1604 |
Table 3Comparisons between the presence of ELC and baPWV according to gender
Group |
Earlobe crease
|
p value |
Present |
Absent |
Male |
1490.90 ± 200.98 |
1385.40 ±147.22 |
<0.0001 |
Female
(premenopause)
|
1550.00 ±259.15 |
1297.60 ±143.80 |
0.0419 |
Female
(postmenopause)
|
1522.20±196.07 |
1426.90 ±171.55 |
0.0551 |
Table 4Risk factors associated with baPWV analysed by multiple linear regression analysis
Variables (unit) |
Male
|
Female (premenopause)
|
Female (postmenopause)
|
β (SE) |
p value |
β (SE) |
p value |
β (SE) |
p value |
Main variable for exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Earlobe crease (yes) |
81.50 (17.99) |
<0.0001 |
123.67 (50.15) |
0.0162 |
101.25 (42.99) |
0.0208 |
Adjustment variables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age (yr) |
4.66 (0.88) |
<0.0001 |
6.93 (1.54) |
<0.0001 |
9.89 (2.67) |
0.0004 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
-14.32 (4.07) |
<0.0001 |
-19.90 (8.92) |
0.0290 |
-20.46 (8.80) |
0.0223 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
-1.09 (1.48) |
0.7068 |
4.26 (3.33) |
0.2046 |
1.60 (3.45) |
0.6451 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
3.86 (0.95) |
<0.0001 |
7.59 (1.64) |
<0.0001 |
4.86 (1.59) |
0.0030 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
1.87 (1.07) |
0.4496 |
-3.68 (2.11) |
0.0852 |
1.55 (2.05) |
0.4517 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) |
1.30 (0.43) |
0.0026 |
1.25 (1.80) |
0.4895 |
1.04 (1.70) |
0.5396 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
0.29 (0.10) |
0.0635 |
0.16 (0.43) |
0.7154 |
-0.68 (0.27) |
0.0130 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
-0.46 (0.66) |
0.1836 |
-0.39 (1.12) |
0.7310 |
-1.21 (1.20) |
0.3170 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.86 (0.26) |
0.0004 |
-0.13 (0.52) |
0.8064 |
1.02 (0.53) |
0.0570 |
Smoking status (pack year) |
-0.44 (0.48) |
0.3343 |
1.45 (7.63) |
0.8503 |
-2.74 (2.10) |
0.1949 |
R2 (coefficient of determination) |
0.3540 |
0.6071 |
0.4925 |