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1Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
5Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
6AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
9Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Deagu, Korea
10Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
11Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
© 2024, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“Have you smoked at least 5 packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes) during your lifetime?” (NHIS-NHID, KoCosHIV);
“How many packs (or number) of cigarettes have you smoked throughout your life: none, <5 packs (100 cigarettes), and ≥5 packs (100 cigarettes)?” (KNHANES); and
“Do you currently smoke?” (NHIS-NHID, KoCosHIV, KNHANES).
Data availability
The data that support this study’s findings are available on the website of the National Health Insurance Sharing Service ( https://nhiss.nhis.or.kr/). The data of the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study could only be distributed in materials refined for internal researchers. External researchers may access the data by visiting the designated analysis room of the KDCA, following a separate review of their research plan and data utilization. We accessed the database after submitting the study protocol, the IRB approval document, and the reviewed request form from the relevant committee. More information is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Park B. Data curation: Choi Y, Ahn KH, Kim JH, Song JY, Kim SW. Formal analysis: Jang Y, Kim T. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: Seong H, Kim HY. Project administration: Choi HJ, Park DW. Visualization: Yoon YK. Writing – original draft: Park B, Jang Y, Kim T, Choi Y, Ahn KH, Kim JH, Seong H, Choi JY, Kim HY, Park DW, Yoon YK. Writing – review & editing: Park B, Song JY, Kim SW, Choi HJ, Kim SI.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NHIS-NHID, National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; KoCosHIV, Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; NHI, National Health Insurance.
1 Quit ratio=number of former smokers/number of ever-smokers, including both current and former smokers.
Characteristics | NHIS-NHID | KoCosHIV | KNHANES | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | Weighted n | Weighted % (95% CI) | |
Total | 10,980 | 100 | 1,230 | 100 | 76,783 | 100 | 40,122,739 | 100 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 9,915 | 90.3 (89.8, 90.8) | 1,146 | 93.2 (91.8, 94.6) | 33,630 | 43.8 (43.5, 44.2) | 19,906,741 | 49.6 (49.6, 49.6) |
Female | 1,065 | 9.7 (9.2, 10.3) | 84 | 6.8 (5.4, 8.2) | 43,153 | 56.2 (55.8, 56.5) | 20,215,998 | 50.4 (50.4, 50.4) |
Age (yr) | ||||||||
Mean±SD | 42.4±13.4 | 40.7±012.1 | 51.2±16.6 | - | - | |||
20–29 | 2,214 | 20.2 (19.4, 20.9) | 254 | 20.6 (18.4, 22.9) | 8,822 | 11.5 (11.3, 11.7) | 6,890,092 | 17.2 (17.2, 17.2) |
30–39 | 2,631 | 24.0 (23.2, 24.8) | 336 | 27.3 (24.8, 29.8) | 12,959 | 16.9 (16.6, 17.1) | 7,767,767 | 19.4 (19.4, 19.4) |
40–49 | 2,807 | 25.6 (24.7, 26.4) | 342 | 27.8 (25.3, 30.3) | 14,161 | 18.4 (18.2, 18.7) | 8,477,697 | 21.1 (21.1, 21.1) |
50–59 | 1,983 | 18.1 (17.3, 18.8) | 207 | 16.8 (14.7, 18.9) | 14,516 | 18.9 (18.6, 19.2) | 7,750,003 | 19.3 (19.3, 19.3) |
60–69 | 955 | 8.7 (8.2, 9.2) | 75 | 6.1 (4.8, 7.4) | 13,196 | 17.2 (16.9, 17.5) | 4,876,043 | 12.2 (12.1, 12.2) |
≥70 | 390 | 3.6 (3.2, 3.9) | 16 | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 13,129 | 17.1 (16.8, 17.4) | 4,361,137 | 10.9 (10.9, 10.9) |
Income | ||||||||
Medical Aid | 366 | 3.3 (3.0, 3.7) | 128 | 10.4 (8.7, 12.1) | 2,738 | 3.6 (3.4, 3.7) | 38,517,406 | 96.0 (96.0, 96.0) |
NHI | 10,610 | 96.6 (96.3, 97.0) | 716 | 58.2 (55.5, 61.0) | 74,000 | 96.4 (96.2, 96.5) | 1,244,731 | 3.1 (3.1, 3.1) |
None | 4 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 386 | 31.4 (28.8, 34.0) | 45 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 360,602 | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) |
Alcohol use | ||||||||
Never/past | 5,027 | 45.8 (44.8, 46.7) | 514 | 41.8 (39.0, 44.5) | 33,501 | 43.6 (43.3, 44.0) | 20,385,583 | 50.8 (50.8, 50.8) |
Current | 5,858 | 53.4 (52.4, 54.3) | 622 | 50.6 (47.8, 53.4) | 37,323 | 48.6 (48.3, 49.0) | 18,429,730 | 45.9 (45.9, 46.0) |
Unknown | 95 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 94 | 7.6 (6.2, 9.1) | 5,959 | 7.8 (7.6, 7.9) | 1,307,426 | 3.3 (3.2, 3.3) |
Characteristics | NHIS-NHID | KoCosHIV | KNHANES | Prevalence difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | Weighted % (95% CI) | NHIS-NHID–KNAHNES %p (95% CI) | KoCosHIV-KNHANES %p (95% CI) | |
Total | 44.2 (43.2, 45.1) | 47.7 (43.7, 51.8) | 22.5 (22.5, 22.5) | 21.7 (20.8, 22.6) | 25.2 (21.2, 29.3) |
Sex | |||||
Male | 47.8 (46.2, 48.8) | 49.9 (45.9, 54.0) | 39.4 (39.4, 39.4) | 8.4 (7.4, 9.4) | 10.5 (6.5, 14.5) |
Female | 10.2 (8.4, 12.1) | 17.9 (14.8, 21.0) | 5.8 (5.8, 5.8) | 4.4 (2.6, 6.2) | 12.0 (9.0, 15.1) |
Age (yr) | |||||
20–29 | 48.2 (46.2, 50.3) | 48.8 (44.8, 52.9) | 26.1 (26.1, 26.1) | 22.1 (20.1, 24.2) | 22.7 (18.7, 26.7) |
30–39 | 50.1 (48.2, 52.0) | 52.1 (48.0, 56.1) | 28.9 (28.8, 28.9) | 21.3 (19.4, 23.1) | 23.2 (19.2, 27.2) |
40–49 | 49.7 (47.9, 51.6) | 54.1 (50.1, 58.1) | 25.6 (25.6, 25.6) | 24.1 (22.3, 26.0) | 28.5 (24.5, 32.5) |
50–59 | 38.6 (36.5, 40.8) | 39.1 (35.2, 43.1) | 21.4 (21.4, 21.5) | 17.2 (15.1, 19.3) | 17.7 (13.8, 21.6) |
60–69 | 26.3 (23.5, 29.1) | 26.7 (23.1, 30.2) | 15.5 (15.4, 15.5) | 10.8 (8.1, 13.6) | 11.2 (7.7, 14.8) |
≥70 | 12.6 (9.3, 15.9) | 12.5 (9.8, 15.2) | 9.0 (9.0, 9.1) | 3.5 (0.3, 6.8) | 3.5 (0.8, 6.1) |
Income | |||||
Medical Aid | 43.7 (38.6, 48.8) | 48.4 (44.4, 52.5) | 27.2 (27.1, 27.3) | 16.5 (11.5, 21.5) | 21.2 (17.3, 25.2) |
NHI | 44.2 (43.2, 45.1) | 48.2 (44.1, 52.2) | 22.3 (22.3, 22.3) | 21.9 (20.9, 22.8) | 25.9 (21.8, 29.9) |
Alcohol use | |||||
Never/past | 32.3 (31.0, 33.6) | 38.7 (34.8, 42.7) | 12.3 (12.3, 12.3) | 20.0 (18.7, 21.3) | 26.4 (22.5, 30.4) |
Current | 55.0 (53.7, 56.3) | 60.9 (57.0, 64.9) | 35.3 (35.3, 35.3) | 19.7 (18.5, 21.0) | 25.6 (21.7, 29.6) |
Year | Adults with HIV infection from the NHIS-NHID | Adults with HIV infection from the KoCosHIV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Total | 1.76 (1.71, 1.81) | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) | 1.85 (1.50, 2.20) | 1.97 (1.81, 2.13) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 2.92 (1.44, 4.40) |
2009 | 1.64 (1.54, 1.74) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.30 (0.73, 1.87) | 1.78 (1.53, 2.04) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.25) | 2.20 (0.27, 4.13) |
2010 | 1.51 (1.42, 1.60) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.99) | 1.29 (0.68, 1.90) | 1.70 (1.50, 1.89) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.14) | 2.80 (0.86, 4.73) |
2011 | 1.60 (1.51, 1.70) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.50, 1.52) | 1.78 (1.60, 1.97) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | 3.09 (1.26, 4.92) |
2012 | 1.69 (1.60, 1.79) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.51) | 1.85 (1.67, 2.03) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.23) | 2.85 (1.36, 4.35) |
2013 | 1.82 (1.72, 1.92) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | 1.74 (1.08, 2.40) | 2.01 (1.82, 2.20) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) | 3.73 (1.78, 5.68) |
2014 | 1.70 (1.61, 1.79) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.42 (0.75, 2.10) | 2.00 (1.82, 2.18) | 1.14 (1.04, 1.25) | 4.53 (2.16, 6.90) |
2015 | 1.78 (1.68, 1.87) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.68 (1.02, 2.33) | 1.94 (1.75, 2.13) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 4.29 (2.04, 6.53) |
2016 | 1.69 (1.60, 1.78) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.38) | 1.88 (1.71, 2.06) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.26) | 3.07 (1.46, 4.68) |
2017 | 1.85 (1.76, 1.95) | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21) | 1.69 (1.00, 2.38) | 2.26 (2.07, 2.45) | 1.34 (1.23, 1.46) | 4.48 (2.13, 6.83) |
2018 | 1.76 (1.67, 1.84) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.18) | 1.29 (0.78, 1.81) | 2.22 (2.04, 2.41) | 1.38 (1.26, 1.49) | 3.38 (1.61, 5.15) |
2019 | 1.79 (1.70, 1.88) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 1.90 (1.27, 2.53) | 2.25 (2.05, 2.45) | 1.37 (1.24, 1.49) | 3.59 (1.71, 5.47) |
2020 | 1.81 (1.71, 1.91) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | 1.24 (0.65, 1.83) | 2.54 (2.33, 2.74) | 1.53 (1.40, 1.65) | 3.92 (1.94, 5.91) |
Characteristics | NHIS-NHID | KoCosHIV | KNHANES | Prevalence difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | Weighted % (95% CI) | NHIS-NHID–KNAHNES %p (95% CI) | KoCosHIV-KNHANES %p (95% CI) | |
Total | 26.1 (25.0, 27.1) | 26.2 (20.2, 32.1) | 44.6 (44.5, 44.6) | −18.5 (−19.5, −17.5) | −18.4 (−24.4, −12.5) |
Sex | |||||
Male | 26.0 (24.9, 27.1) | 26.2 (20.2, 32.2) | 44.7 (44.6, 44.7) | −18.7 (−19.7, −17.6) | −18.48 (−24.4, −12.5) |
Female | 28.8 (21.6, 35.9) | 25.0 (19.1, 30.9) | 43.9 (43.8, 44.0) | −15.1 (−22.2, −8.0) | −18.88 (−24.7, −13.1) |
Age (yr) | |||||
20–29 | 16.0 (14.0, 18.0) | 16.8 (11.7, 21.9) | 24.4 (24.4, 24.5) | −8.5 (−10.4, −6.5) | −7.66 (−12.7, −2.6) |
30–39 | 19.8 (17.8, 21.7) | 22.2 (16.6, 27.9) | 33.5 (33.5, 33.6) | −13.7 (−15.6, −11.9) | −11.29 (−16.9, −5.7) |
40–49 | 26.3 (24.3, 28.3) | 26.9 (20.9, 32.9) | 41.7 (41.7, 41.8) | −15.4 (−17.3, −13.5) | −14.83 (−20.8, −8.9) |
50–59 | 34.7 (32.1, 37.4) | 34.2 (27.7, 40.6) | 49.9 (49.9, 50.0) | −15.2 (−17.9, −12.5) | −15.75 (−22.2, −9.4) |
60–69 | 43.9 (39.3, 48.5) | 46.0 (39.2, 52.7) | 62.4 (62.3, 62.5) | −18.6 (−23.1, −14.0) | −16.44 (−23.2, −9.7) |
≥70 | 62.3 (54.0, 70.6) | 75.0 (69.1, 80.9) | 73.3 (73.2, 73.4) | −11.0 (−19.2, −2.7) | 1.71 (−4.1, 7.5) |
Income | |||||
Medical Aid | 25.9 (20.1, 31.8) | 28.7 (22.6, 34.9) | 38.8 (38.7, 38.9) | −12.9 (−18.6, −7.1) | −10.05 (−16.1, −4.0) |
NHI | 26.1 (25.0, 27.2) | 25.4 (19.5, 31.4) | 44.9 (44.9, 44.9) | −18.8 (−19.9, −17.8) | −19.46 (−25.4, −13.6) |
Alcohol use | |||||
Never/past | 32.6 (30.8, 34.5) | 36.0 (29.5, 42.5) | 52.5 (52.4, 52.5) | −19.8 (−21.6, −18.0) | −16.44 (−22.9, −10.0) |
Current | 22.2 (21.0, 23.5) | 19.7 (14.3, 25.1) | 40.8 (40.7, 40.8) | −18.5 (−19.8, −17.3) | −21.07 (−26.4, −15.7) |
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NHIS-NHID, National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; KoCosHIV, Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; NHI, National Health Insurance.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NHIS-NHID, National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; KoCosHIV, Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; NHI, National Health Insurance.
Values are presented as standardized prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval). HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NHIS-NHID, National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; KoCosHIV, Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NHIS-NHID, National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database; KoCosHIV, Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; NHI, National Health Insurance. Quit ratio=number of former smokers/number of ever-smokers, including both current and former smokers.