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1Center for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
2Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
3Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
4Maternal, Adolescent, and Child Health Institute NPC (MatCH), Durban, South Africa
5Department of Pediatrics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
©2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
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Category | Measure | Description | Respondent | W1 | W2 | W3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Caregiver demographics |
Date of birth, gender/sex, education, work status, marital status, etc. | Caregiver | X | X | X |
Parent whereabouts |
Location/status of father and mother | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Child demographics |
Date of birth, gender/sex, education, support grants, etc. | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Household characteristics |
Household composition/structure, sanitation access, unemployment/income status, etc.; Adapted from the South African Demographic and Health Survey, 2003 | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Child cognitive development | Grover Counter Scales |
Assesses cognitive functioning independent of verbal/ language abilities | Child | X | X | |
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (ABC) subscales: Hand Movements |
Assesses cognitive functions of attention, concentration, and memory | Child | X | X | X | |
Kaufman ABC Conceptual Thinking |
Assesses abstract reasoning and visual perception through simultaneous processing | Child | X | |||
Kaufman ABC Rover for >6 yr age group |
Assesses executive functioning | Child | X | X | ||
Kaufman ABC planning |
Assesses executive functioning problem solving through pattern reasoning | Child | X | |||
Neuroscreen Processing Speed Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span Test |
Assesses executive function processing speed, visual attention and sequencing, and working memory | Child | X | |||
Reynell Developmental Language Scales |
Assesses expressive and receptive language | Child | X | |||
Hopkins Verbal Learning |
Assesses verbal learning and memory | Child | X | |||
Child health, behavioral functioning, and achievement | Ten Question Screener |
Screens for serious cognitive, motor, seizure, behavior, and other neurodevelopmental disabilities | Caregiver | X | ||
McCarthy Scales of Children’s Ability |
Assess cognitive motor abilities | Child | X | X | ||
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule |
Assesses problems with functioning due to health conditions (e.g., disease, injuries, mental/ emotional problems, drug/alcohol problems) | Child | X | |||
Child Medical Assessment Form |
Assesses medical history | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Height, weight, vision, hearing |
Height obtained from a scale; Weight obtained from a stadiometer; Vision assessed with the Snellen E chart; Hearing assessed using otoacoustic emissions/ audiometry | Caregiver and Child | X | X | X | |
Hemoglobin, HIV, immunity history, anemia |
Voluntary counseling and rapid testing used for HIV; HemoCue used to test hemoglobin | Caregiver and Child | X | X | X | |
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire |
Assesses emotional and behavioral functioning with subscales: emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer relationship problems, prosocial behavior; More information: www.sdqinfo.org | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
Teacher | X | |||||
Adolescent | X | |||||
Adapted Behavior Assessment System Subscales |
Assesses adaptive functioning | Caregiver | X | |||
Takalani-Sesame: Literacy Subtest | Assesses child literacy | Child | X | |||
Wide Range Achievement Test |
Assesses numeracy | Child | X | |||
Obedience and respect |
Assesses caregiver’s perception of child’s obedience and respect | Caregiver | X | |||
Adolescent psychosocial and other | Pubertal Development Scale |
Assesses physical growth and development via self-report | Adolescent | X | ||
Pregnancy |
Assesses current or past pregnancies/ pregnancy outcomes; Adapted from a HIPSS | Adolescent | X | |||
Respondents living with HIV |
Assesses HIV status and treatment; Adopted from HIPSS | Adolescent | X | |||
The Short Form Health Survey |
Assesses physical and mental health functioning via self-report | Adolescent | X | |||
National Survey on Drug Use and Health Questionnaire |
Assesses initiation, frequency, intoxication with, and cravings for alcohol, cigarettes, and other substances | Adolescent | X | |||
Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item Scale |
Assesses depression | Adolescent | X | |||
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale |
Assesses anxiety | Adolescent | X | |||
Sexual history | Assesses sexual behavior (e.g., time of initiation, partner age, condom use); Adapted from HIPSS and the DREAMS | Adolescent | X | |||
Exposure to community violence |
Assesses exposure to community violence; adapted from the US CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey | Adolescent | X | |||
Resistance to Peer Influence Scale |
Assesses ability to resist peer pressure | Adolescent | X | |||
Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire |
Assesses experiences of bullying as victim; Adapted from CDC | Adolescent | X | |||
Deviant Peers Measure | Assesses deviant behaviors of peers; Adapted from the Youth Health and Prevention Project | Adolescent | X | |||
Exposure to violence |
Assesses exposure to physical, sexual, and/or intimate partner violence; Adapted from the US CDC 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey | Adolescent | X | |||
Desmond risk experiment game |
Assesses attitude to risk taking; adapted from the Binswanger Attitudes towards Risk Experiment | Adolescent | X | |||
Barratt Impulsivity Measure: 8 Item version |
Assesses impulsivity | Adolescent | X | |||
Adapted Gender Equitable Measurement Scale |
Assesses perception of gender roles and equity | Adolescent | X | |||
SUUBI Social Support Behaviors |
Assesses perception of family support | Adolescent | X | |||
Short Grit Scale |
Assesses perseverance | Adolescent | X | |||
Community support | Assesses perception of community support; Adapted questions from the Youth Health and Prevention Project | Adolescent | X | |||
Hope and future orientation |
Assesses beliefs and expectations adolescent’s hold about their future | Adolescent | X | |||
Media use |
Assesses use of phone/Internet/TV | Adolescent | X | |||
Employment | Assesses past/current employment; Adapted from Cape Area Panel Study | Adolescent | X | |||
Education |
Assesses education, including school enrollment and current grade | Adolescent | X | |||
Gangs and perpetration of violence |
Assesses exposure to or participation in gang activity | Adolescent | X | |||
Psychological Sense of School Membership Scale |
Assesses school experience | Adolescent | X | |||
Exposure to previous interventions |
Assesses exposure to school or community education programs (e.g., sexual health, substance use) | Adolescent | X | |||
Post-survey feedback | Assesses experience completing W3; Adapted from the Child and Adolescent Self-Awareness and Health 3 study | Adolescent | X | |||
COVID-19 |
Assesses experience during COVID-19 (e.g., concerns of infection, school and socializing during lockdown) | Adolescent | X | |||
Family functioning and environment | Parenting Stress Index |
Assesses caregiver stress, burden, role strain, and competence | Caregiver | X | X | X |
Trends in Maths and Science | Assesses caregiver educational aspirations for children | Caregiver | X | |||
Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale |
Assess household confusion and disorganization | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
Family Stress and Trauma Questionnaire | Assesses economic/material deprivation and exposure to violence/abuse | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
Food security |
Assesses household food security; Adapted questions from DREAMS | Caregiver | X | |||
Alcohol use |
Assesses household alcohol use | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) |
Assesses household environment; Adapted from HOME Inventory | Caregiver | X | X | ||
Caregiver functioning and psychosocial | Client Diagnostic Questionnaire |
Screens for psychiatric disorders: depression, PTSD, substance abuse; Adapted from Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Screen | Caregiver | X | X | X |
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test |
Screens for alcohol misuse, initiation, and frequency | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
Partner violence |
Screens for experience with partner violence; Adapted from the South African Medical Research Council | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
The Short Form Health Survey |
Assesses physical and mental health functioning via self-report | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
NeuroScreen Processing Speed Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span Test |
Assesses executive function processing speed, visual attention and sequencing, and working memory | Caregiver | X | |||
Hemoglobin, HIV, immunity history, anemia |
Voluntary counseling and rapid testing used for HIV; HemoCue used to test hemoglobin | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
HIV and pregnancy | Assesses HIV and pregnancy status; Adapted questions from the HIPSS | Caregiver | X | |||
Short HIV stigma scale |
Tests HIV positive caregiver for experience/perceptions of HIV stigma | Caregiver | X | |||
Social Support Behaviors Scale Family Social Support Questionnaire |
Assesses emotional support, socializing, practical/ financial assistance, and advice/ guidance | Caregiver | X | X | X | |
Exposure to interventions | Assesses exposure to community education interventions (e.g., parenting, subsidies); Adapted from DREAMS | Caregiver | X | |||
COVID-19 |
Assesses experience during COVID-19 (e.g., concerns, employment, access to services/testing, food security) | Caregiver | X |
Variables | n (%) | Missing, n (%) |
---|---|---|
No. of children per household enrolled in Asenze, [Min-Max] | [1-3] | 0 (0.0) |
No. of children (age <18) in household, mean±SD [Min-Max] | 3.6±1.9 [1-16] | 38 (2.8) |
No, of adults (age 18+) in household, mean±SD [Min-Max] | 3.7±2.0 [1-13] | 39 (2.8) |
Amount spent on food in past month (South African Rand), mean±SD [Min-Max] | 803±474 [100-4,000] | 115 (8.3) |
Employed adult(s) in household | 1,045 (75.6) | 49 (3.6) |
Household member with education past high school | 120 (8.7) | 47 (3.4) |
Recent (past 2 yr) death of a household member | 297 (21.5) | 9 (0.7) |
One or more children in household on social grants | 945 (68.4) | 45 (3.3) |
Household ran out of food during past month | 321 (23.2) | 71 (5.1) |
Characteristics | n (%) | Missing, n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age, mean±SD [Min-Max] (yr) | 5.0±0.6 [3.7-6.6] | 0 (0.0) |
Birthweight, mean±SD [Min-Max] (kg) | 2.9±0.6 [0.9-5.3] | 197 (12.5) |
Female | 791 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Received preschool education (daycare or crèche) | 967 (61.2) | 6 (0.4) |
Ever breastfed | 1,286 (81.3) | 47 (3.0) |
Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | 105 (6.6) | 102 (6.5) |
Mother’s whereabouts | 24 (1.5) | |
Living with child | 1,214 (76.8) | |
Not living with child, employed elsewhere | 194 (12.3) | |
Not living with child, ill in hospital | 4 (0.3) | |
Deceased | 94 (6.0) | |
Absconded | 51 (3.2) | |
Father’s whereabouts | 28 (1.8) | |
Living with child | 496 (31.4) | |
Not living with child, employed elsewhere | 546 (34.5) | |
Not living with child, ill in hospital | 19 (1.2) | |
Deceased | 135 (8.5) | |
Absconded | 355 (22.5) | |
In jail | 2 (0.1) | |
Mother’s education level | 41 (2.6) | |
None | 65 (4.1) | |
Grade 1-7 (primary) | 223 (14.1) | |
Grade 8-11 (high school) | 665 (42.1) | |
Grade 12 (matric) | 359 (22.7) | |
>Grade 12 (college/tertiary) | 78 (4.9) | |
Unknown | 147 (9.3) | |
Father’s education level | 31 (2.0) | |
None | 88 (5.6) | |
Grade 1-7 (primary) | 170 (10.8) | |
Grade 8-11 (high school) | 407 (25.7) | |
Grade 12 (matric) | 437 (27.6) | |
>Grade 12 (college/tertiary) | 64 (4.1) | |
Unknown | 382 (24.2) | |
Child’s HIV status |
0 (0.0) | |
Positive | 62 (3.9) | |
Negative | 1,278 (80.8) | |
Indeterminate test results | 4 (0.3) | |
Unknown status and declined testing | 237 (15.0) |
Characteristics | Wave 1 |
Missing | Wave 2 |
Missing |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean±SD [Min-Max] (yr) | 36.9 ±13.8 [16-88] | 357 (24.8) | 38.9±13.5 [15-88] | 0 (0.0) |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1,379 (96.0) | 28 (2.0) | 1,242 (98.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Primary caregiver type | ||||
Mother | 1,037 (65.6) | 0 (0.0) | 870 (61.8) | 0 (0.0) |
Father | 24 (1.5) | 15 (1.1) | ||
Grandmother | 303 (19.2) | 336 (23.9) | ||
Other | 217 (13.7) | 188 (13.3) | ||
Highest education level | ||||
None | 63 (4.4) | 753 (52.4) | Not collected | Not collected |
Grade 1-7 (primary) | 154 (10.7) | Not collected | ||
Grade 8-11 (high school) | 291 (20.3) | Not collected | ||
Grade 12 (matric) | 132 (9.2) | Not collected | ||
>Grade 12 (college/tertiary) | 26 (1.8) | Not collected | ||
Unknown | 18 (1.3) | Not collected | ||
Ever experienced intimate partner violence | 619 (43.1) | 7 (0.5) | 588 (46.2) | 115 (9.0) |
Cigarette smoker (past 6 mo) | 46 (3.2) | 3 (0.2) | 31 (2.4) | 8 (0.6) |
Hazardous alcohol consumption (AUDIT score ≥8) | 44 (3.1) | 67 (4.7) | 52 (4.1) | 7 (0.6) |
Binge drinking (AUDIT-consumption score ≥3 for female or ≥4 for male) | 126 (8.8) | 65 (4.5) | 102 (8.0) | 7 (0.6) |
Mental health disorder, any (Client Diagnostic Questionnaire) | 449 (31.3) | 11 (0.8) | 240 (18.9) | 119 (9.4) |
HIV status |
||||
Positive | 377 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | 401 (31.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Negative | 932 (64.9) | 815 (64.0) | ||
Unknown | 128 (8.9) | 57 (4.5) |
W, wave; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HIPSS, Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa HIV Incidence Provincial Surveillance System; DREAMS, United States Agency for International Development Partnership Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Developed or adapted for Asenze. Validated measure in South Africa. Validated measure.
SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum.
SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. Composite variable based on rapid HIV test results and/or primary caregiver report of child’s status.
Values are presented as number (%). SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. Caregivers: 1,437 and children: 1,581. Caregivers: 1,273 and children: 1,409. Composite variable based on rapid HIV test results and/or primary caregiver self-report of HIV status.