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1Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
©2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020R1C1C1003502).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: Lee Y, Jung SJ. Data curation: Lee Y, Jeon YJ. Formal analysis: Lee Y, Jung SJ. Funding acquisition: Jung SJ. Methodology: Lee Y, Jung SJ. Project administration: Lee Y, Jung SJ. Visualization: Lee Y. Writing – original draft: Lee Y, Jeon YJ, Jung SJ. Writing – review & editing: Lee Y, Jeon YJ, Shim JS, Jung SJ.
Characteristics | Total | Korean parents | Immigrant parents | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n | 313,689 | 308,764 | 4,925 | |||
Gender | 0.027 | |||||
Men | 157,635 (50.2) | 155,237 (50.3) | 2,398 (48.7) | |||
Women | 156,054 (49.7) | 153,527 (49.7) | 2,527 (51.3) | |||
School grade | <0.001 | |||||
Middle school | 161,866 (51.6) | 158,713 (51.4) | 3,153 (64.0) | |||
High school | 151,823 (48.4) | 150,051 (48.6) | 1,772 (36.0) | |||
Age, mean ± SD (yr) | 14.95±1.75 | 14.96±1.75 | 14.52±1.74 | |||
Socioeconomic status2,3 | <0.001 | |||||
High | 124,838 (39.8) | 123,601 (40.0) | 1,237 (25.1) | |||
Middle | 148,137 (47.2) | 145,690 (47.2) | 2,447 (49.7) | |||
Low | 40,714 (13.0) | 39,473 (12.6) | 1,241 (0.4) | |||
Family cohabitation2 | <0.001 | |||||
With family | 300,096 (95.7) | 295,555 (95.7) | 4,541 (92.2) | |||
Apart from family | 13,593 (4.3) | 13,209 (4.3) | 384 (7.8) | |||
Academic achievement2,3 | <0.001 | |||||
High | 123,405 (39.3) | 121,898 (39.5) | 1,507 (30.6) | |||
Middle | 91,381 (29.1) | 89,977 (29.1) | 1,404 (28.5) | |||
Low | 98,903 (31.5) | 96,889 (30.9) | 2,014 (0.6) | |||
Dietary behaviors4 | ||||||
KYRBS 2015-2020, total | 313,689 | 308,764 (98.4) | 4,925 (1.6) | |||
Skipping breakfast (≥5 days/wk) | - | 71,508 (23.2) | 1,243 (25.2) | 0.001 | ||
Fruits (<1 times/wk) | - | 29,332 (9.5) | 581 (11.8) | <0.001 | ||
Fast food (≥3 times/wk) | - | 59,035 (19.1) | 887 (18.0) | 0.049 | ||
Soft drinks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 96,607 (31.3) | 1,611 (32.7) | 0.033 | ||
Sweet drinks, uncarbonated (≥3 times/wk) | - | 139,524 (45.2) | 2,082 (42.3) | <0.001 | ||
KYRBS 2015-2017, 2019, total | 218,009 | 214,948 (98.6) | 3,061 (1.4) | |||
Caffeinated drinks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 12,179 (5.7) | 241 (7.9) | <0.001 | ||
Vegetables (<1 times/wk) | - | 31,450 (14.6) | 437 (14.3) | 0.581 | ||
Milk (<3 times/wk) | - | 9,296 (4.3) | 156 (5.1) | 0.037 | ||
KYRBS 2015, 2017, total | 121,385 | 119,794 (98.7) | 1,591 (1.3) | |||
Instant noodles (≥3 times/wk) | - | 28,583 (23.9) | 460 (28.9) | 0.001 | ||
Snacks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 46,376 (38.7) | 678 (42.6) | <0.001 | ||
KYRBS 2019-2020, total | 75,442 | 73,746 (97.7) | 1,696 (2.2) | |||
Water (<3 times/day) | - | 57,350 (77.8) | 1,310 (77.2) | 0.606 |
Values are presented as number (%).
SD, standard deviation; KYRBS, Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
1 The sample merged survey data from 6 years between 2015 and 2020, each of which included about 60,000 participants.
2 The variable was obtained by a self-report questionnaire.
3 The variable was coded with 5 options from “high” to “low.” “High” and “moderately high” were classified as “high,” “middle” as “middle,” and “moderately low” and “low” as “low.”
4 Each dietary behavior was set according to the criteria of the food-based dietary recommendations for Korean adolescents [16].
Variables | Fast food (≥3 times/wk) | Skipping breakfast (≥5 days/wk)2 | Sweet drinks (≥3 times/day) | Soft drinks (≥3 times/wk) | Fruits (<1 times/wk) | Caffeinated drinks (≥3 times/wk) | Vegetables (<1 times/wk) | Milk (<3 times/wk) | Instant noodles (≥3 times/wk) | Snacks (≥3 times/wk) | Water (<3 times/day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n | 313,689 | 218,009 | 121,385 | 75,442 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.45 (1.42, 1.48) | 1.22 (1.20, 1.25) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.36) | 1.16 (1.13, 1.20) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 2.04 (1.96, 2.13) | 1.19 (1.15, 1.22) | 1.35 (1.31, 1.40) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.14) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.13 (1.09, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.30) | 1.59 (1.51, 1.69) | 1.36 (1.26, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.42) | 2.02 (1.87, 2.18) | 1.56 (1.41, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.30 (1.21, 1.41) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 1.28 (1.20, 1.36) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23) | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | 1.42 (1.32, 1.52) | 2.15 (1.96, 2.36) | 1.72 (1.53, 1.93) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.43 (1.30, 1.56) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | |
Adolescents with Korean parents, n | 308,764 | 214,948 | 119,794 | 73,746 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.45 (1.42, 1.48) | 1.22 (1.19, 1.24) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.30, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 2.03 (1.94, 2.12) | 1.19 (1.15, 1.22) | 1.35 (1.30, 1.40) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) | 1.59 (1.50, 1.68) | 1.35 (1.26, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.19) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.22) | 1.32 (1.24, 1.41) | 2.00 (1.85, 2.16) | 1.53 (1.38, 1.70) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.29 (1.20, 1.39) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 1.25 (1.17, 1.33) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.33) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24) | 1.35 (1.27, 1.42) | 1.38 (1.28, 1.49) | 2.09 (1.90, 2.30) | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.02) | |
Adolescents with immigrant parents, n | 4,925 | 3,061 | 1,591 | 1,696 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.51 (1.26, 1.80) | 1.50 (1.27, 1.76) | 1.34 (1.16, 1.55) | 1.44 (1.24, 1.68) | 1.55 (1.25, 1.94) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.90) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) | 2.98 (2.21, 4.00) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 1.86 (1.42, 2.44) | 1.53 (1.14, 2.06) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.53 (1.19, 1.95) | 1.42 (1.14, 1.76) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.49 (1.13, 1.96) | 1.78 (1.21, 2.60) | 1.62 (0.98, 2.67) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 1.75 (1.21, 2.54) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.51) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.15) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.65 (1.22, 2.24) | 1.52 (1.12, 2.06) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) | 1.33 (1.00, 1.78) | 1.71 (1.21, 2.41) | 2.02 (1.31, 3.11) | 2.40 (1.39, 4.14) | 1.28 (0.83, 1.98) | 1.42 (0.87, 2.34) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.72) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 2.23 (1.61, 3.09) | 1.65 (1.18, 2.31) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 1.96 (1.43, 2.68) | 2.32 (1.61, 3.35) | 2.81 (1.77, 4.44) | 2.63 (1.50, 4.60) | 1.69 (1.09, 2.63) | 2.15 (1.25, 3.69) | 1.62 (0.96, 2.72) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.94) |
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1 Depression was adjusted for sex, school grade, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, and residential status; 3 Models were adjusted for sex, school grade, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, residential status, and experience of depressed mood in the past 12 months.
2 Uncarbonated, e.g., juice.
Characteristics | Total | Korean parents | Immigrant parents | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n | 313,689 | 308,764 | 4,925 | |||
Gender | 0.027 | |||||
Men | 157,635 (50.2) | 155,237 (50.3) | 2,398 (48.7) | |||
Women | 156,054 (49.7) | 153,527 (49.7) | 2,527 (51.3) | |||
School grade | <0.001 | |||||
Middle school | 161,866 (51.6) | 158,713 (51.4) | 3,153 (64.0) | |||
High school | 151,823 (48.4) | 150,051 (48.6) | 1,772 (36.0) | |||
Age, mean ± SD (yr) | 14.95±1.75 | 14.96±1.75 | 14.52±1.74 | |||
Socioeconomic status |
<0.001 | |||||
High | 124,838 (39.8) | 123,601 (40.0) | 1,237 (25.1) | |||
Middle | 148,137 (47.2) | 145,690 (47.2) | 2,447 (49.7) | |||
Low | 40,714 (13.0) | 39,473 (12.6) | 1,241 (0.4) | |||
Family cohabitation |
<0.001 | |||||
With family | 300,096 (95.7) | 295,555 (95.7) | 4,541 (92.2) | |||
Apart from family | 13,593 (4.3) | 13,209 (4.3) | 384 (7.8) | |||
Academic achievement |
<0.001 | |||||
High | 123,405 (39.3) | 121,898 (39.5) | 1,507 (30.6) | |||
Middle | 91,381 (29.1) | 89,977 (29.1) | 1,404 (28.5) | |||
Low | 98,903 (31.5) | 96,889 (30.9) | 2,014 (0.6) | |||
Dietary behaviors |
||||||
KYRBS 2015-2020, total | 313,689 | 308,764 (98.4) | 4,925 (1.6) | |||
Skipping breakfast (≥5 days/wk) | - | 71,508 (23.2) | 1,243 (25.2) | 0.001 | ||
Fruits (<1 times/wk) | - | 29,332 (9.5) | 581 (11.8) | <0.001 | ||
Fast food (≥3 times/wk) | - | 59,035 (19.1) | 887 (18.0) | 0.049 | ||
Soft drinks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 96,607 (31.3) | 1,611 (32.7) | 0.033 | ||
Sweet drinks, uncarbonated (≥3 times/wk) | - | 139,524 (45.2) | 2,082 (42.3) | <0.001 | ||
KYRBS 2015-2017, 2019, total | 218,009 | 214,948 (98.6) | 3,061 (1.4) | |||
Caffeinated drinks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 12,179 (5.7) | 241 (7.9) | <0.001 | ||
Vegetables (<1 times/wk) | - | 31,450 (14.6) | 437 (14.3) | 0.581 | ||
Milk (<3 times/wk) | - | 9,296 (4.3) | 156 (5.1) | 0.037 | ||
KYRBS 2015, 2017, total | 121,385 | 119,794 (98.7) | 1,591 (1.3) | |||
Instant noodles (≥3 times/wk) | - | 28,583 (23.9) | 460 (28.9) | 0.001 | ||
Snacks (≥3 times/wk) | - | 46,376 (38.7) | 678 (42.6) | <0.001 | ||
KYRBS 2019-2020, total | 75,442 | 73,746 (97.7) | 1,696 (2.2) | |||
Water (<3 times/day) | - | 57,350 (77.8) | 1,310 (77.2) | 0.606 |
Variables | Fast food (≥3 times/wk) | Skipping breakfast (≥5 days/wk) |
Sweet drinks (≥3 times/day) | Soft drinks (≥3 times/wk) | Fruits (<1 times/wk) | Caffeinated drinks (≥3 times/wk) | Vegetables (<1 times/wk) | Milk (<3 times/wk) | Instant noodles (≥3 times/wk) | Snacks (≥3 times/wk) | Water (<3 times/day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n | 313,689 | 218,009 | 121,385 | 75,442 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.45 (1.42, 1.48) | 1.22 (1.20, 1.25) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.36) | 1.16 (1.13, 1.20) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 2.04 (1.96, 2.13) | 1.19 (1.15, 1.22) | 1.35 (1.31, 1.40) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.14) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.13 (1.09, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.30) | 1.59 (1.51, 1.69) | 1.36 (1.26, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.42) | 2.02 (1.87, 2.18) | 1.56 (1.41, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.30 (1.21, 1.41) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 1.28 (1.20, 1.36) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23) | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | 1.42 (1.32, 1.52) | 2.15 (1.96, 2.36) | 1.72 (1.53, 1.93) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.43 (1.30, 1.56) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | |
Adolescents with Korean parents, n | 308,764 | 214,948 | 119,794 | 73,746 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.45 (1.42, 1.48) | 1.22 (1.19, 1.24) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.30, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 2.03 (1.94, 2.12) | 1.19 (1.15, 1.22) | 1.35 (1.30, 1.40) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) | 1.59 (1.50, 1.68) | 1.35 (1.26, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.19) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.22) | 1.32 (1.24, 1.41) | 2.00 (1.85, 2.16) | 1.53 (1.38, 1.70) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.29 (1.20, 1.39) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 1.25 (1.17, 1.33) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.33) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24) | 1.35 (1.27, 1.42) | 1.38 (1.28, 1.49) | 2.09 (1.90, 2.30) | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.02) | |
Adolescents with immigrant parents, n | 4,925 | 3,061 | 1,591 | 1,696 | ||||||||
Depression, past 12 mo | 1.51 (1.26, 1.80) | 1.50 (1.27, 1.76) | 1.34 (1.16, 1.55) | 1.44 (1.24, 1.68) | 1.55 (1.25, 1.94) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.90) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) | 2.98 (2.21, 4.00) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 1.86 (1.42, 2.44) | 1.53 (1.14, 2.06) | |
Suicidal ideation, past 12 mo | 1.53 (1.19, 1.95) | 1.42 (1.14, 1.76) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.49 (1.13, 1.96) | 1.78 (1.21, 2.60) | 1.62 (0.98, 2.67) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 1.75 (1.21, 2.54) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.51) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.15) | |
Suicide planning, past 12 mo | 1.65 (1.22, 2.24) | 1.52 (1.12, 2.06) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) | 1.33 (1.00, 1.78) | 1.71 (1.21, 2.41) | 2.02 (1.31, 3.11) | 2.40 (1.39, 4.14) | 1.28 (0.83, 1.98) | 1.42 (0.87, 2.34) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.72) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) | |
Suicide attempt, past 12 mo | 2.23 (1.61, 3.09) | 1.65 (1.18, 2.31) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 1.96 (1.43, 2.68) | 2.32 (1.61, 3.35) | 2.81 (1.77, 4.44) | 2.63 (1.50, 4.60) | 1.69 (1.09, 2.63) | 2.15 (1.25, 3.69) | 1.62 (0.96, 2.72) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.94) |
Values are presented as number (%). SD, standard deviation; KYRBS, Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The sample merged survey data from 6 years between 2015 and 2020, each of which included about 60,000 participants. The variable was obtained by a self-report questionnaire. The variable was coded with 5 options from “high” to “low.” “High” and “moderately high” were classified as “high,” “middle” as “middle,” and “moderately low” and “low” as “low.” Each dietary behavior was set according to the criteria of the food-based dietary recommendations for Korean adolescents [
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Depression was adjusted for sex, school grade, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, and residential status; 3 Models were adjusted for sex, school grade, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, residential status, and experience of depressed mood in the past 12 months. Uncarbonated, e.g., juice.