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1Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Korea
©2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: Jeong H, Yim HW. Data curation: Jeong H, Nam BW. Formal analysis: Jeong H, Yim HW. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: Jeong H, Yim HW. Project administration: Jeong H. Visualization: Jeong H. Writing – original draft: Jeong H. Writing – review & editing: Jeong H, Yim HW, Nam BW.
Characteristics | Men | Women | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 320 (31.0) | 713 (69.0) | |
Age (yr) | <0.001 | ||
60-74 | 220 (68.8) | 380 (53.8) | |
≥75 | 100 (31.2) | 333 (46.7) | |
Education level (yr) | <0.001 | ||
None | 51 (15.9) | 328 (46.0) | |
1-6 | 143 (44.7) | 313 (43.9) | |
≥7 | 126 (39.4) | 72 (10.1) | |
Cohabitation status | <0.001 | ||
Lived alone | 145 (45.3) | 415 (58.2) | |
Lived with others | 175 (55.7) | 298 (41.8) | |
Hypertension | 152 (47.5) | 438 (61.4) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 74 (23.1) | 160 (22.4) | 0.808 |
Depression (GDS-15≥10) | 122 (38.1) | 284 (39.8) | 0.604 |
Social isolation1 | 47 (14.7) | 47 (6.6) | 0.001 |
Predictors | Categories |
Men (n=320) |
Women (n=713) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Death, n (%) | Incidence per 1,000 population | Attributable risk | n | Death, n (%) | Incidence per 1,000 population | Attributable risk | ||
Depression1 | Yes | 122 | 18 (17.8) | 147.5 | 36.4 | 284 | 35 (12.3) | 123.2 | 60.3 |
No | 198 | 22 (11.1) | 111.1 | Reference | 429 | 27 (6.3) | 62.9 | Reference | |
Social isolation2 | Yes | 47 | 14 (29.8) | 297.9 | 202.6 | 47 | 7 (14.9) | 148.9 | 66.4 |
No | 273 | 26 (9.5) | 95.2 | Reference | 666 | 55 (8.3) | 82.6 | Reference |
Variables |
Men |
Women |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
Depression1 | |||||||||
Yes | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5)3 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.6) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.8) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.6) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.5)3 | |
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
E-value (point estimate/CI) | 3.4/1.7 | ||||||||
Social isolation2 | |||||||||
Yes | 4.0 (1.9, 8.4) | 4.7 (2.1, 10.1) | 4.6 (2.0, 10.2) | 4.5 (1.9, 9.9)4 | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.0) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8)4 | |
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
E-value (point estimate/CI) | 8.5/3.2 |
Values are are presented as relative risk (95% CI).
Model 1: Crude relative risk; Model 2: Adjusted for age; Model 3: Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus at baseline; Model 4: An exploratory analysis.
CI, confidence interval.
1 Depression was defined as a score of 10 points or more on the Geriatric Depression Scale.
2 Social isolation was defined as answers of “none” to all 6 questions.
3 Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and social network at baseline.
4 Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and depressive symptom scores at baseline.
Characteristics | Men | Women | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 320 (31.0) | 713 (69.0) | |
Age (yr) | <0.001 | ||
60-74 | 220 (68.8) | 380 (53.8) | |
≥75 | 100 (31.2) | 333 (46.7) | |
Education level (yr) | <0.001 | ||
None | 51 (15.9) | 328 (46.0) | |
1-6 | 143 (44.7) | 313 (43.9) | |
≥7 | 126 (39.4) | 72 (10.1) | |
Cohabitation status | <0.001 | ||
Lived alone | 145 (45.3) | 415 (58.2) | |
Lived with others | 175 (55.7) | 298 (41.8) | |
Hypertension | 152 (47.5) | 438 (61.4) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 74 (23.1) | 160 (22.4) | 0.808 |
Depression (GDS-15≥10) | 122 (38.1) | 284 (39.8) | 0.604 |
Social isolation |
47 (14.7) | 47 (6.6) | 0.001 |
Predictors | Categories | Men (n=320) |
Women (n=713) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Death, n (%) | Incidence per 1,000 population | Attributable risk | n | Death, n (%) | Incidence per 1,000 population | Attributable risk | ||
Depression |
Yes | 122 | 18 (17.8) | 147.5 | 36.4 | 284 | 35 (12.3) | 123.2 | 60.3 |
No | 198 | 22 (11.1) | 111.1 | Reference | 429 | 27 (6.3) | 62.9 | Reference | |
Social isolation |
Yes | 47 | 14 (29.8) | 297.9 | 202.6 | 47 | 7 (14.9) | 148.9 | 66.4 |
No | 273 | 26 (9.5) | 95.2 | Reference | 666 | 55 (8.3) | 82.6 | Reference |
Variables | Men |
Women |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
Depression |
|||||||||
Yes | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5) |
2.1 (1.2, 3.6) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.8) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.6) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.5) |
|
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
E-value (point estimate/CI) | 3.4/1.7 | ||||||||
Social isolation |
|||||||||
Yes | 4.0 (1.9, 8.4) | 4.7 (2.1, 10.1) | 4.6 (2.0, 10.2) | 4.5 (1.9, 9.9) |
1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.0) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) |
|
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
E-value (point estimate/CI) | 8.5/3.2 |
Values are presented as number (%). GDS-15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Social isolation was defined as answers of “none” to all 6 questions.
Depression was defined as a score of 10 points or more on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Social isolation was defined as answers of “none” to all 6 questions.
Values are are presented as relative risk (95% CI). Model 1: Crude relative risk; Model 2: Adjusted for age; Model 3: Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus at baseline; Model 4: An exploratory analysis. CI, confidence interval. Depression was defined as a score of 10 points or more on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Social isolation was defined as answers of “none” to all 6 questions. Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and social network at baseline. Adjusted for age, cohabitation status, education level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and depressive symptom scores at baseline.