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1Department of Community Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
2Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
©2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Total (n=7,198) | % (95% CI) | DT |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | |||
Racial group 2003 (n=3,178) | |||
Whites | 1,254 | 41.5 (36.7, 46.7) | 1.94 (1.50, 2.37) |
Browns and Blacks | 1,924 | 58.5 (53.6, 63.3) | 2.23 (1.96, 2.50) |
Racial group 2010 (n=4,020) | |||
Whites | 1,653 | 43.0 (40.5, 45.6) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.44) |
Browns and Blacks | 2,367 | 57.0 (54.4, 59.5) | 2.04 (1.86, 2.23) |
Per capita income 2003 | |||
Under MW | 1,641 | 48.6 (43.7, 53.4) | 2.57 (2.19, 2.94) |
At and above MW | 1,537 | 51.4 (46.5, 56.3) | 1.67 (1.41, 1.93) |
Per capita income 2010 | |||
Under MW | 2,158 | 54.2 (51.6, 56.7) | 2.08 (1.88, 2.29) |
At and above MW | 1,862 | 45.8 (43.3, 48.4) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.41) |
Fluoridation 2003 | |||
No | 1,596 | 27.5 (24.5, 30.6) | 2.83(2.60, 3.07) |
Yes | 1,582 | 72.5 (69.4, 75.5) | 1.83 (1.52, 2.14) |
Fluoridation 2010 | |||
No | 1,770 | 26.7 (24.8, 28.8) | 2.39 (2.17, 2.62) |
Yes | 2,250 | 73.3 (71.2, 75.2) | 1.44 (1.28, 1.61) |
Individual variables | n | DT |
n | DT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-fluoridated | Fluoridated | |||
Ethnic group 2003 | 1,596 | 1,582 | ||
Whites | 422 | 2.47 (2.09, 2.85) | 832 | 1.81 (1.29, 2.35) |
Browns and Blacks | 1,174 | 2.98 (2.69, 3.27) | 750 | 1.85 (1.49, 2.21) |
Ethnic group 2010 | 1,770 | 2,250 | ||
Whites | 573 | 1.51 (1.19, 1.84) | 1,080 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.53) |
Browns and Blacks | 1,197 | 2.85 (2.57, 3.13) | 1,170 | 1.68 (1.45, 1.93) |
Per capita income (equivalised) 2003 | 1,596 | 1,582 | ||
Under MW | 937 | 3.11 (2.81, 3.41) | 704 | 2.28 (1.73, 2.85) |
At or above MW | 659 | 2.41 (2.20, 2.80) | 878 | 1.47 (1.17, 1.79) |
Per capita income (equivalised) 2010 | 1,770 | 2,250 | ||
Under MW | 1,019 | 2.96 (2.64, 3.28) | 1,139 | 1.75 (1.50, 2.01) |
At or above MW | 751 | 1.69 (1.41, 1.98) | 1,111 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.28) |
Variables | DT stratified by exposure to CWF |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean 2003 | n | Mean 2010 | Diff-in-Diff |
Diff-in-Diff |
%D | |||
Non-fluoridated areas | |||||||||
Socioeconomic groups | |||||||||
Under 1 MW | 937 | 3.11 | 1,019 | 2.96 | -0.30 (-0.57, -0.02) | -0.26 (-0.53, -0.01) | -12.45 | ||
At or above 1 MW | 659 | 2.41 | 751 | 1.69 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
Racial groups | |||||||||
Browns and Blacks | 1,174 | 2.98 | 1,197 | 2.85 | -0.44 (-0.74, -0.14) | -0.40 (-0.69, -0.11) | -14.77 | ||
Whites | 422 | 2.47 | 573 | 1.51 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
Fluoridated areas | |||||||||
Socioeconomic groups | |||||||||
Under 1 MW | 704 | 2.28 | 1,139 | 1.75 | -0.04 (-0.43, 0.35) | -0,05 (-0.45, 0.35) | -2.72 | ||
At or above 1 MW | 878 | 1.47 | 1,111 | 1.09 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
Racial groups | |||||||||
Browns and Blacks | 750 | 1.85 | 1,170 | 1.68 | -0.34 (-0.77, 0.07) | -0.34 (-0.74, 0.04) | -18.38 | ||
Whites | 832 | 1.81 | 1,080 | 1.17 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
DT, decayed teeth; CI, confidence interval; MW, per capita minimum wage.
DT, decayed teeth; MW, per capita minimum wage.
Values are presented as β coefficient (95% confidence interval). Diff-in-Diff, difference-in-difference; CWF, community water fluoridation; %D, percentage of difference (β coefficient/baseline mean of the reference group); MW, per capita minimum wage; DT, decayed teeth. Unadjusted. Adjusted for schooling, age, sex, income (if analysing racial groups) and racial group (if analysing income).