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1Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
©2020, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization, NO. Data curation: NO, AR, KLT. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: NO, AR. Project administration: NO. Visualization: NO, AR. Writing – original draft: NO, AR. Writing – review & editing: KLT.
Study | Objective of the validation study | No. of food items | FFQ type | No. of response categories for intake frequency | Questions on portion size | Method of development of food list1 | Quality control | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General FFQ | |||||||||
Long form | |||||||||
Malekshah et al., 2006 [13] | To be used in the prospective cohort study (Golestan Cohort Study) in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in northern Iran | 158 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | No (DPS is provided) | Experience & data-based | Interviewed at the subjects’ home and in their native language by trained interviewers and checked by a nutritionist for completeness | ||
Questionnaires were reviewed to identify incomplete and illogical response | |||||||||
Participants were interviewed by different personnel at different days of recall to reduce interviewer bias | |||||||||
Mirmiran et al., 2010 [14] | To capture the dietary practices of the study participants in TLGS | 168 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Esfehani et al., 2010 [15] | |||||||||
Nematy et al., 2013 [16] | To assess nutrient intakes of Iran urban population | 160 | Semi-quantitative | 8 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Not mentioned | ||
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2014 [17] | To approve content validity of TLGS FFQ for use in Tabriz city, northeast of Iran | 189 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Modified version of TLGS questionnaire & added items were experienced-based | FFQs were completed by one trained nutritionist | ||
Malekahmadi et al., 2016 [18] | To estimate antioxidants intakes by the elderly in epidemiological studies | 89 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data & experience-based | A pilot study was conducted | ||
The questionnaires were rechecked for missing and unfilled items by trained nutritionists | |||||||||
Bijani et al., 2018 [19] | For using in a cohort study (Amirkola Health and Aging Project of older people in the North of Iran) | 138 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Modified version of TLGS questionnaire & experienced base for added items | Not mentioned | ||
Toorang et al., 2019 [20] | To develop a Farsi version of DHQ and validate it for epidemiological studies in Iranian population | 146 (including Iranian mixed dishes) | Semi-quantitative (quantitative for some items) | Yes: 1-4 (DPS is provided) | Translated and modified version of the DHQ of the National Cancer Institute of America | Not mentioned | |||
Shot form | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2015 [21] | To validate a simple FFQ for assessing selected food items in epidemiological studies (specifically Isfahan Healthy Heart Program) with a large sample size as well as community trials | 48 | Semi-quantitative | 6 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Short form approach from its long format questionnaire used in Countrywide Integrated Non-communicable Disease Intervention program | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Excluding all the under- and overreportings of dietary intake (daily energy intake <800 or > 5,000 kcal) | |||||||||
The subjects were followed by phone to verify and complete self-reported DRd | |||||||||
Sharifi et al., 2016 [22] | To evaluate the reliability and validity of energy and macronutrient intake by a short FFQ in pregnant women | 61 | Semi-quantitative | 10 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Pilot study | ||
Nikniaz et al., 2017 [11] | To administer a new short FFQ to assess the dietary practices (food patterns and nutrient intakes) of the study participants in epidemiological studies (e.g., Life style Promotion Project) | 80 | Semi-quantitative | 4 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | A pilot study for clarity and comprehensiveness of the FFQ was conducted | ||
Specialized FFQs: single food groups or nutrients | |||||||||
Long form | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2011 [23] | To assess fruits and vegetable consumption in adults residing in the city of Isfahan | 110 fruits and vegetables | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Pilot study for clarity and comprehensiveness of FFQ | ||
The participants were followed by phone to verify and complete self-reported DRd | |||||||||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2012 [25] | To evaluate the validity of folate, pyridoxine and cobalamin estimates in breast cancer patients | 126 folate, pyridoxine & cobalamin | Semi-quantitative | 25 questions about food preparation and 25 fields for open-ended questions | Yes (set of color photographs and customary household utensils were used to depict different portion sizes.) | Modified and shortened version of health habits and history questionnaire (35) | Not mentioned | ||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2014 [28] | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2016 [26] | To develop simple and accurate tools for salt consumption assessment | 136 major sodium sources | Semi-quantitative | 9 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Shot form | |||||||||
Omidvar et al., 2002 [9] | To serve SH-FFQ as a simple screening tool for vitamin A status in women of childbearing age in an area where overt hypovitaminosis A is rare but mild deficiency is probably common | 20 vitamin sources | Qualitative | 5 | No | Data-based | 2-d course in dietary interviewing prior to the study and frequent supervision during the study | ||
Zeyninejad et al., 2015 [24] | To estimate calcium intake in 9-13 yr old students in the city of Tehran | 56 calcium sources | Semi-quantitative | 6 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data & experience-based | Two nutritionists were trained in a 7-d pilot study | ||
The same nutritionist interviewed the same subject in different stages of the study | |||||||||
For 24hDR recorded information was reviewed to confirm the entries, and add possible forgotten items | |||||||||
Hadi et al., 2017 [27] | To assess gluten intake in patients with ulcerative colitis | 40 gluten sources | Qualitative | 7 | No | Experience-based | Not mentioned |
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; DHQ, diet history questionaire; DPS, default portion size; 24hDR, 24 hours recall; TLGS, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; SH-FFQ, short-food frequency questionnaire; DRd, diet records.
1 The first is the “experience-based” approach, in which experienced dietitians and/or epidemiologists select food items for the questionnaire; “Data-based” approach: Food items for FFQs are selected based on data from diet records so as to encompass defined percentages of the intakes of target nutrients; Short-version” approach: In this method, a long FFQ is shortened by omitting food items.
Study | No. of food items | Participants |
Correlation coefficients between dietary reference methods and FFQs (validity) |
Correlation coefficients between FFQs (reproducibility) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary reference method & its duration | No. of nutrients | Adjustment for energy | Energy adjustment and deattenuation | Nutrients (median [range]) | Nutrients (median [range]) | Interval between 2 FFQs | |||||
General FFQs | |||||||||||
Long form | |||||||||||
Malekshah et al., 2006 [13] | 158 | 142 (57 urban, 85 suburban/rural) 49 men, 89 women | Twelve 24hDR (2 continues days) | 3 macronutrients and FA profile 4 micronutrients (vitamins C, A, E, and beta-carotene) | No | For vitamin E (α-tocoferol) intake and serum level | 0.49-0.82 | 0.66-0.89 | 4 FFQ 2 mo apart | ||
Mirmiran et al., 2010 [14] | 168 | 132 (61 men, 71 women) 20-70 yr, 1 district in the city of Tehran | 12 d DRd and 6 biomarkers (plasma cholesterol, retinol, beta-carotene, α-tocopherol, urine nitrogen and K) | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 12 micronutrient (vitamins C, A, D, beta-carotene, B1, B2, folate, Zn, Mg, Ca, P) | Yes | Yes | If significant: 0.33-0.71 | 0.39-0.79 | 2 FFQ 1 yr apart | ||
Esfahani et al., 2010 [15] | |||||||||||
Nematy et al., 2013 [16] | 160 | 156 subjects, aged 20-69 yr five major cities of Iran (Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Isfahan, and Shiraz) | 18 DRd (3 consecutive days each, including 1 weekend monthly) | 1 macronutrient (protein) and 4 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, folate, K) | No | No | Only significant for carbohydrate =0.22 | 0.33-0.67 | 2 FFQ 4 mo apart | ||
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2014 [17] | 189 | 30 healthy aged 20-60 yr living in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan | - | - | - | - | - | 0.59-0.60 | 2 FFQs 2 mo apart | ||
Malekahmadi et al., 2016 [18] | 89 | 185 elderly people (99 women and 86 men) aged 60-75 yr living in Isfahan | 18 DRd (3 d every 2 mo) | Zn, selenium, carotenes, vitamins C and E | Yes | No | 0.38-0.55 | 0.47-0.58 | 2 FFQs 3 mo apart | ||
Bijani et al., 2018 [19] | 138 | 200 men and women aged ≥60 yr | Two 24hDR | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, manganese Mg, Ca, P) | No | No | If significant: men: 0.25-0.53; women: 0.26-0.71 | - | - | ||
Toorang et al., 2019 [20] | 146 | 244 healthy adults (106 women and 138 men) aged 19-60 yr | One 24hDR in every season | 3 macronutrients, 16 micronutrients (vitamins A, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, sodium manganese Mg, Ca, K) | Yes | Yes | Men: 0.13-0.60 | - | - | ||
Women: 0.07-0.58 | |||||||||||
Short form | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2015 [21] | 48 | 264 healthy adults aged ≥ 41 yr old from 3 district central of Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak) | Single 24hDR and 2 DRd (including 2 wk days and 1 weekend during a week) | - | No | No | If significant: 0.24-0.48 | 0.49-0.67 | 2 FFQs 2 wk apart | ||
Sharifi et al., 2016 [22] | 61 | 553 pregnant women, aged 18-40 yr (in 3rd trimester) | - | No | No | Only content validity was evaluated | 0.51-0.99 | 2 FFQs 2 wk apart (just filled by 20 participants) | |||
Nikniaz et al., 2017 [11] | 80 | 180 subjects (93 men and 87 women), aged 15-65 yr | A single 24hDRs and 2 DRds for 3 non-consecutive days | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, D, B1, B3, iron, Zn, selenium) | Yes | Yes | Deattenuated correlation coefficients for all items: 0.54 | Men: 0.43-0.77 | 2 FFQs 1 mo apart | ||
Women: 0.41-0.71 | |||||||||||
Specialized FFQs: single food groups or nutrients | |||||||||||
Long form | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2011 [23] | 110 fruits and vegetables | 123 healthy adults in Isfahan | Two 24hDR and 4 DRds (1 d recall, and 2 d of DRds in fall/winter (cold season) and spring/summer (warm season)) and three plasma biomarkers (vitamin C, retinol and betacarotene) | 3 micronutrients (vitamin C, beta-carotene and retinol) | Yes | No | If significant: 0.26-0.62 | If significant: 0.32-0.85 | 2 FFQs 6 mo apart | ||
If NS: 0.16-0.85 | |||||||||||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2012 [25] | 136 folate, pyridoxine & cobalamin sources | 149 women 30-69 yr of age, diagnosed with malignant breast tumor | No - biomarker reference method was used | 3 micronutrients (folate, pyridoxine and cobalamin) | Yes | For energy and some nutrients | Folate: 0.61 | - | 1 FFQ as a reference method | ||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2014 [28] | Pyridoxine: 0.51 | ||||||||||
Cobalamin: 0.67 | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2016 [26] | 136 Na containing items (11 groups) | 219 healthy subjects aged≥6 yr | The validity of FFQ: by twelve 24hDRs (monthly during a year) and 24 hr urine Na excretion | Na, K and Cr (24 hr urine and spot urine), fasting blood sample: FBG, serum lipids, Na, K and Cr | NR | NR | NR | NR | 2 FFQs 1 yr apart | ||
Content validity: by expert panel including 10 nutritionists | CVI>0.79 for 11 food groups | ||||||||||
Short form | |||||||||||
Omidvar et al., 2002 [9] | 20 vitamin A sources | 187 healthy women 15-49 yr of age, from urban and rural areas of Marand district in East Azerbaijan. | 2 d 24hDR and biomarker (serum retinol) | 1 micronutrients (vitamin A) | No | No | Serum retinol: 0.20 | - | - | ||
24hDR: NS | |||||||||||
Zeyninejad et al., 2015 [24] | 56 Ca sources | 184 children aged 9-13 yr (90 girls and 94 boys) | Five 24hDR over a month period (four week days and one weekend) | 1 micronutrients (Ca) | No | - | 0.42 | 0.65 | 2 FFQs 1 mo apart | ||
Hadi et al., 2017 [27] | 40 items (gluten containing food items) | - | 10 expert panelists | Only content validity was assessed | No | No | CVR=0.69 | Cronbach’s alpha: panelists=0.76 patients=0.78 | 3 FFQ 1 mo apart | ||
15 patients with ulcerative colitis | CVI=0.92 |
FFQs, food frequency questionnaires; FA, fatty acid; Zn, zinc; Mg, magnesium; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cr, creatinine; CVR, content validity ratio; CVI, content validity index; NS, non significant’; NR, not reported; 24hDR, 24 hour recall; DRd, dietary record; FBG, fasting blood glucose.
Study | Objective of the validation study | No. of food items | FFQ type | No. of response categories for intake frequency | Questions on portion size | Method of development of food list |
Quality control | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General FFQ | |||||||||
Long form | |||||||||
Malekshah et al., 2006 [13] | To be used in the prospective cohort study (Golestan Cohort Study) in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in northern Iran | 158 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | No (DPS is provided) | Experience & data-based | Interviewed at the subjects’ home and in their native language by trained interviewers and checked by a nutritionist for completeness | ||
Questionnaires were reviewed to identify incomplete and illogical response | |||||||||
Participants were interviewed by different personnel at different days of recall to reduce interviewer bias | |||||||||
Mirmiran et al., 2010 [14] | To capture the dietary practices of the study participants in TLGS | 168 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Esfehani et al., 2010 [15] | |||||||||
Nematy et al., 2013 [16] | To assess nutrient intakes of Iran urban population | 160 | Semi-quantitative | 8 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Not mentioned | ||
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2014 [17] | To approve content validity of TLGS FFQ for use in Tabriz city, northeast of Iran | 189 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Modified version of TLGS questionnaire & added items were experienced-based | FFQs were completed by one trained nutritionist | ||
Malekahmadi et al., 2016 [18] | To estimate antioxidants intakes by the elderly in epidemiological studies | 89 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data & experience-based | A pilot study was conducted | ||
The questionnaires were rechecked for missing and unfilled items by trained nutritionists | |||||||||
Bijani et al., 2018 [19] | For using in a cohort study (Amirkola Health and Aging Project of older people in the North of Iran) | 138 | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Modified version of TLGS questionnaire & experienced base for added items | Not mentioned | ||
Toorang et al., 2019 [20] | To develop a Farsi version of DHQ and validate it for epidemiological studies in Iranian population | 146 (including Iranian mixed dishes) | Semi-quantitative (quantitative for some items) | Yes: 1-4 (DPS is provided) | Translated and modified version of the DHQ of the National Cancer Institute of America | Not mentioned | |||
Shot form | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2015 [21] | To validate a simple FFQ for assessing selected food items in epidemiological studies (specifically Isfahan Healthy Heart Program) with a large sample size as well as community trials | 48 | Semi-quantitative | 6 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Short form approach from its long format questionnaire used in Countrywide Integrated Non-communicable Disease Intervention program | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Excluding all the under- and overreportings of dietary intake (daily energy intake <800 or > 5,000 kcal) | |||||||||
The subjects were followed by phone to verify and complete self-reported DRd | |||||||||
Sharifi et al., 2016 [22] | To evaluate the reliability and validity of energy and macronutrient intake by a short FFQ in pregnant women | 61 | Semi-quantitative | 10 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Pilot study | ||
Nikniaz et al., 2017 [11] | To administer a new short FFQ to assess the dietary practices (food patterns and nutrient intakes) of the study participants in epidemiological studies (e.g., Life style Promotion Project) | 80 | Semi-quantitative | 4 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | A pilot study for clarity and comprehensiveness of the FFQ was conducted | ||
Specialized FFQs: single food groups or nutrients | |||||||||
Long form | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2011 [23] | To assess fruits and vegetable consumption in adults residing in the city of Isfahan | 110 fruits and vegetables | Semi-quantitative | 5 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Pilot study for clarity and comprehensiveness of FFQ | ||
The participants were followed by phone to verify and complete self-reported DRd | |||||||||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2012 [25] | To evaluate the validity of folate, pyridoxine and cobalamin estimates in breast cancer patients | 126 folate, pyridoxine & cobalamin | Semi-quantitative | 25 questions about food preparation and 25 fields for open-ended questions | Yes (set of color photographs and customary household utensils were used to depict different portion sizes.) | Modified and shortened version of health habits and history questionnaire (35) | Not mentioned | ||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2014 [28] | |||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2016 [26] | To develop simple and accurate tools for salt consumption assessment | 136 major sodium sources | Semi-quantitative | 9 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data-based | Trained nutritionists assisted in completing and rechecking and data entry of the assembled questionnaires | ||
Shot form | |||||||||
Omidvar et al., 2002 [9] | To serve SH-FFQ as a simple screening tool for vitamin A status in women of childbearing age in an area where overt hypovitaminosis A is rare but mild deficiency is probably common | 20 vitamin sources | Qualitative | 5 | No | Data-based | 2-d course in dietary interviewing prior to the study and frequent supervision during the study | ||
Zeyninejad et al., 2015 [24] | To estimate calcium intake in 9-13 yr old students in the city of Tehran | 56 calcium sources | Semi-quantitative | 6 | Yes: 1 (DPS is provided) | Data & experience-based | Two nutritionists were trained in a 7-d pilot study | ||
The same nutritionist interviewed the same subject in different stages of the study | |||||||||
For 24hDR recorded information was reviewed to confirm the entries, and add possible forgotten items | |||||||||
Hadi et al., 2017 [27] | To assess gluten intake in patients with ulcerative colitis | 40 gluten sources | Qualitative | 7 | No | Experience-based | Not mentioned |
Study | No. of food items | Participants | Correlation coefficients between dietary reference methods and FFQs (validity) |
Correlation coefficients between FFQs (reproducibility) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary reference method & its duration | No. of nutrients | Adjustment for energy | Energy adjustment and deattenuation | Nutrients (median [range]) | Nutrients (median [range]) | Interval between 2 FFQs | |||||
General FFQs | |||||||||||
Long form | |||||||||||
Malekshah et al., 2006 [13] | 158 | 142 (57 urban, 85 suburban/rural) 49 men, 89 women | Twelve 24hDR (2 continues days) | 3 macronutrients and FA profile 4 micronutrients (vitamins C, A, E, and beta-carotene) | No | For vitamin E (α-tocoferol) intake and serum level | 0.49-0.82 | 0.66-0.89 | 4 FFQ 2 mo apart | ||
Mirmiran et al., 2010 [14] | 168 | 132 (61 men, 71 women) 20-70 yr, 1 district in the city of Tehran | 12 d DRd and 6 biomarkers (plasma cholesterol, retinol, beta-carotene, α-tocopherol, urine nitrogen and K) | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 12 micronutrient (vitamins C, A, D, beta-carotene, B1, B2, folate, Zn, Mg, Ca, P) | Yes | Yes | If significant: 0.33-0.71 | 0.39-0.79 | 2 FFQ 1 yr apart | ||
Esfahani et al., 2010 [15] | |||||||||||
Nematy et al., 2013 [16] | 160 | 156 subjects, aged 20-69 yr five major cities of Iran (Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Isfahan, and Shiraz) | 18 DRd (3 consecutive days each, including 1 weekend monthly) | 1 macronutrient (protein) and 4 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, folate, K) | No | No | Only significant for carbohydrate =0.22 | 0.33-0.67 | 2 FFQ 4 mo apart | ||
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2014 [17] | 189 | 30 healthy aged 20-60 yr living in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan | - | - | - | - | - | 0.59-0.60 | 2 FFQs 2 mo apart | ||
Malekahmadi et al., 2016 [18] | 89 | 185 elderly people (99 women and 86 men) aged 60-75 yr living in Isfahan | 18 DRd (3 d every 2 mo) | Zn, selenium, carotenes, vitamins C and E | Yes | No | 0.38-0.55 | 0.47-0.58 | 2 FFQs 3 mo apart | ||
Bijani et al., 2018 [19] | 138 | 200 men and women aged ≥60 yr | Two 24hDR | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, manganese Mg, Ca, P) | No | No | If significant: men: 0.25-0.53; women: 0.26-0.71 | - | - | ||
Toorang et al., 2019 [20] | 146 | 244 healthy adults (106 women and 138 men) aged 19-60 yr | One 24hDR in every season | 3 macronutrients, 16 micronutrients (vitamins A, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, sodium manganese Mg, Ca, K) | Yes | Yes | Men: 0.13-0.60 | - | - | ||
Women: 0.07-0.58 | |||||||||||
Short form | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2015 [21] | 48 | 264 healthy adults aged ≥ 41 yr old from 3 district central of Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak) | Single 24hDR and 2 DRd (including 2 wk days and 1 weekend during a week) | - | No | No | If significant: 0.24-0.48 | 0.49-0.67 | 2 FFQs 2 wk apart | ||
Sharifi et al., 2016 [22] | 61 | 553 pregnant women, aged 18-40 yr (in 3rd trimester) | - | No | No | Only content validity was evaluated | 0.51-0.99 | 2 FFQs 2 wk apart (just filled by 20 participants) | |||
Nikniaz et al., 2017 [11] | 80 | 180 subjects (93 men and 87 women), aged 15-65 yr | A single 24hDRs and 2 DRds for 3 non-consecutive days | 3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, D, B1, B3, iron, Zn, selenium) | Yes | Yes | Deattenuated correlation coefficients for all items: 0.54 | Men: 0.43-0.77 | 2 FFQs 1 mo apart | ||
Women: 0.41-0.71 | |||||||||||
Specialized FFQs: single food groups or nutrients | |||||||||||
Long form | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2011 [23] | 110 fruits and vegetables | 123 healthy adults in Isfahan | Two 24hDR and 4 DRds (1 d recall, and 2 d of DRds in fall/winter (cold season) and spring/summer (warm season)) and three plasma biomarkers (vitamin C, retinol and betacarotene) | 3 micronutrients (vitamin C, beta-carotene and retinol) | Yes | No | If significant: 0.26-0.62 | If significant: 0.32-0.85 | 2 FFQs 6 mo apart | ||
If NS: 0.16-0.85 | |||||||||||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2012 [25] | 136 folate, pyridoxine & cobalamin sources | 149 women 30-69 yr of age, diagnosed with malignant breast tumor | No - biomarker reference method was used | 3 micronutrients (folate, pyridoxine and cobalamin) | Yes | For energy and some nutrients | Folate: 0.61 | - | 1 FFQ as a reference method | ||
Pirouzpanah et al., 2014 [28] | Pyridoxine: 0.51 | ||||||||||
Cobalamin: 0.67 | |||||||||||
Mohammadifard et al., 2016 [26] | 136 Na containing items (11 groups) | 219 healthy subjects aged≥6 yr | The validity of FFQ: by twelve 24hDRs (monthly during a year) and 24 hr urine Na excretion | Na, K and Cr (24 hr urine and spot urine), fasting blood sample: FBG, serum lipids, Na, K and Cr | NR | NR | NR | NR | 2 FFQs 1 yr apart | ||
Content validity: by expert panel including 10 nutritionists | CVI>0.79 for 11 food groups | ||||||||||
Short form | |||||||||||
Omidvar et al., 2002 [9] | 20 vitamin A sources | 187 healthy women 15-49 yr of age, from urban and rural areas of Marand district in East Azerbaijan. | 2 d 24hDR and biomarker (serum retinol) | 1 micronutrients (vitamin A) | No | No | Serum retinol: 0.20 | - | - | ||
24hDR: NS | |||||||||||
Zeyninejad et al., 2015 [24] | 56 Ca sources | 184 children aged 9-13 yr (90 girls and 94 boys) | Five 24hDR over a month period (four week days and one weekend) | 1 micronutrients (Ca) | No | - | 0.42 | 0.65 | 2 FFQs 1 mo apart | ||
Hadi et al., 2017 [27] | 40 items (gluten containing food items) | - | 10 expert panelists | Only content validity was assessed | No | No | CVR=0.69 | Cronbach’s alpha: panelists=0.76 patients=0.78 | 3 FFQ 1 mo apart | ||
15 patients with ulcerative colitis | CVI=0.92 |
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; DHQ, diet history questionaire; DPS, default portion size; 24hDR, 24 hours recall; TLGS, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; SH-FFQ, short-food frequency questionnaire; DRd, diet records. The first is the “experience-based” approach, in which experienced dietitians and/or epidemiologists select food items for the questionnaire; “Data-based” approach: Food items for FFQs are selected based on data from diet records so as to encompass defined percentages of the intakes of target nutrients; Short-version” approach: In this method, a long FFQ is shortened by omitting food items.
FFQs, food frequency questionnaires; FA, fatty acid; Zn, zinc; Mg, magnesium; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cr, creatinine; CVR, content validity ratio; CVI, content validity index; NS, non significant’; NR, not reported; 24hDR, 24 hour recall; DRd, dietary record; FBG, fasting blood glucose.