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National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
©2019, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Category [Ref] |
Dose conversion factor (mSv/WLM) |
|
---|---|---|
Radon1 | Thoron2 | |
ICRP 65 (dose conversion convention using past epidemiologic data) [6] | 5 (adults) | - |
4 (all ages) | ||
ICRP 115 (dose conversion convention using additional epidemiologic data) [7] | 12 (adults) | - |
9 (all ages) | ||
ICRP 137 (assessment using dosimetric model) [8] | 20 (indoor work site) | 5.6 (indoor work site) |
11 (mines) | 4.8 (mines) | |
23 (tourist caves) | ||
ICRP 137 (recommended value reflecting epidemiological data and dosimetric model) [8] | 10 (e.g., underground mines, inside buildings) | 5.0 (e.g., underground mines, inside buildings) |
Country | Sample size | Follow-up period | M/I | No. of lung cancer cases | ERR/100 WLM (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany [9] | 58,974 | 1946-2013 | M | 3,942 | 2.31 (1.20, 4.13) |
Czech [10] | 9,978 | 1952-2010 | M | 1,141 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) |
France [11] | 5,400 | 1946-2007 | M | 211 | 0.73 (0.32, 1.33) |
Canada [12] | 17,660 | 1950-1999 | M | 618 | 0.55 (0.37, 0.78) |
Canada [12] | 16,770 | 1969-1999 | I | 626 | 0.55 (0.37, 0.81) |
Canada [13] | 1,742 | 1950-2001 | M | 191 | 0.43 (0.23, 0.62) |
Sweden [14] | 5,486 | 1958-2000 | I | 122 | 2.20 (0.23, 3.77) |
Worldwide (7 countries) [15] | 60,606 | 1943-1991 | M | 2,674 | 0.55 (0.27, 1.13) |
Worldwide (6 countries) [16] | 125,627 | 1946-2001 | M | 5,477 | 0.59 (0.35, 1.00) |
Country | Study design [Ref] |
Sample size (n) |
Follow-up period | Assessment indices1 | Gender or smoking status | Risk (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | ||||||
Korea | Ecological [18] | Administrative districts: 234 | 1999-2008 | RR | Men | 1.10 (1.00, 1.22) | |
Population (average): 172,857 | |||||||
Lung cancer cases (average): 679 | Women | 1.10 (0.90, 1.22) | |||||
USA | Case-control [19] | 1,474 | 1,811 | 1989-1993 | ERR | Total | 0.00 (-0.21, 0.21) |
846 | 1,029 | Men | 0.01 (-0.29, 0.27) | ||||
628 | 789 | Women | 0.06 (-0.30, 0.43) | ||||
205 | 484 | Non-smokers | 0.14 (-0.47, 0.75) | ||||
Case-control [20] | 651 | 740 | 1989-1992 | EOR | Total | 0.05 (-0.14, 0.56) | |
349 | 392 | Men | -0.13 (-0.30, 0.44) | ||||
302 | 348 | Women | 0.29 (-0.12, 1.70) | ||||
Case-control [21] | 200 | 397 | 1990-1999 | aOR | Total | 0.04 (-0.20, 0.35) | |
Czech | Case-control [22] | 370 | 1,399 | 1960-2010 | ERR | Total | 0.64 (0.11, 10.5)2 |
58 | 670 | Non-smokers | 0.73 (0.02, 1.90)2 | ||||
312 | 729 | Smokers | 0.14 (0.02, 0.30)2,3 | ||||
France | Ecological [23] | Population: 47,923,391 | 2008-2012 | ERR | Men | 0.25 (0.09, 0.48) | |
Lung cancer cases: 29,690 | Women | 0.04 (-0.06, 0.22) | |||||
European (9 countries) | Case-control [17] | 7,148 | 14,208 | - | RR | Total | 1.16 (1.05, 1.31) |
Worldwide (13 countries) | Meta-analysis[24] | 13,380 | 22,102 | - | OR (highest vs. lowest) | Total (22 studies) | 1.29 (1.10, 1.51) |
10,345 | 18,233 | OR | Total (17 studies) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) |
RR, relative risk; ERR, excess relative risk; EOR, excess odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio (adjustment for smoking, duration of residence, level of education, income level, and duration of occupational carcinogen exposure); OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
1 All risks refer to risk caused by an increase in radon exposure by 100 Bq/m3.
2 90% CI.
3 Smokers who smoked 15-24 cigarettes a day.
Category [Ref] | Dose conversion factor (mSv/WLM) |
|
---|---|---|
Radon |
Thoron |
|
ICRP 65 (dose conversion convention using past epidemiologic data) [6] | 5 (adults) | - |
4 (all ages) | ||
ICRP 115 (dose conversion convention using additional epidemiologic data) [7] | 12 (adults) | - |
9 (all ages) | ||
ICRP 137 (assessment using dosimetric model) [8] | 20 (indoor work site) | 5.6 (indoor work site) |
11 (mines) | 4.8 (mines) | |
23 (tourist caves) | ||
ICRP 137 (recommended value reflecting epidemiological data and dosimetric model) [8] | 10 (e.g., underground mines, inside buildings) | 5.0 (e.g., underground mines, inside buildings) |
Country | Sample size | Follow-up period | M/I | No. of lung cancer cases | ERR/100 WLM (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany [9] | 58,974 | 1946-2013 | M | 3,942 | 2.31 (1.20, 4.13) |
Czech [10] | 9,978 | 1952-2010 | M | 1,141 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) |
France [11] | 5,400 | 1946-2007 | M | 211 | 0.73 (0.32, 1.33) |
Canada [12] | 17,660 | 1950-1999 | M | 618 | 0.55 (0.37, 0.78) |
Canada [12] | 16,770 | 1969-1999 | I | 626 | 0.55 (0.37, 0.81) |
Canada [13] | 1,742 | 1950-2001 | M | 191 | 0.43 (0.23, 0.62) |
Sweden [14] | 5,486 | 1958-2000 | I | 122 | 2.20 (0.23, 3.77) |
Worldwide (7 countries) [15] | 60,606 | 1943-1991 | M | 2,674 | 0.55 (0.27, 1.13) |
Worldwide (6 countries) [16] | 125,627 | 1946-2001 | M | 5,477 | 0.59 (0.35, 1.00) |
Country | Study design [Ref] | Sample size (n) |
Follow-up period | Assessment indices |
Gender or smoking status | Risk (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | ||||||
Korea | Ecological [18] | Administrative districts: 234 | 1999-2008 | RR | Men | 1.10 (1.00, 1.22) | |
Population (average): 172,857 | |||||||
Lung cancer cases (average): 679 | Women | 1.10 (0.90, 1.22) | |||||
USA | Case-control [19] | 1,474 | 1,811 | 1989-1993 | ERR | Total | 0.00 (-0.21, 0.21) |
846 | 1,029 | Men | 0.01 (-0.29, 0.27) | ||||
628 | 789 | Women | 0.06 (-0.30, 0.43) | ||||
205 | 484 | Non-smokers | 0.14 (-0.47, 0.75) | ||||
Case-control [20] | 651 | 740 | 1989-1992 | EOR | Total | 0.05 (-0.14, 0.56) | |
349 | 392 | Men | -0.13 (-0.30, 0.44) | ||||
302 | 348 | Women | 0.29 (-0.12, 1.70) | ||||
Case-control [21] | 200 | 397 | 1990-1999 | aOR | Total | 0.04 (-0.20, 0.35) | |
Czech | Case-control [22] | 370 | 1,399 | 1960-2010 | ERR | Total | 0.64 (0.11, 10.5) |
58 | 670 | Non-smokers | 0.73 (0.02, 1.90) |
||||
312 | 729 | Smokers | 0.14 (0.02, 0.30) |
||||
France | Ecological [23] | Population: 47,923,391 | 2008-2012 | ERR | Men | 0.25 (0.09, 0.48) | |
Lung cancer cases: 29,690 | Women | 0.04 (-0.06, 0.22) | |||||
European (9 countries) | Case-control [17] | 7,148 | 14,208 | - | RR | Total | 1.16 (1.05, 1.31) |
Worldwide (13 countries) | Meta-analysis[24] | 13,380 | 22,102 | - | OR (highest vs. lowest) | Total (22 studies) | 1.29 (1.10, 1.51) |
10,345 | 18,233 | OR | Total (17 studies) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) |
ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection; WLM, working level month; F, equilibrium factor; EEC, equilibrium equivalent concentration. WLM for radon: 1 WLM=(6.37×105/F) Bq-h/m3 (applying radon concentration). WLM for thoron: 1 WLM=(4.68×104) Bq-h/m3 (applying EEC of thoron).
M, mortality; I, incidence; ERR, excess relative risk (risk of additional disease incidence [or mortality] caused by exposure); WLM, working level months; CI, confidence interval.
RR, relative risk; ERR, excess relative risk; EOR, excess odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio (adjustment for smoking, duration of residence, level of education, income level, and duration of occupational carcinogen exposure); OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. All risks refer to risk caused by an increase in radon exposure by 100 Bq/m3. 90% CI. Smokers who smoked 15-24 cigarettes a day.