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1Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
2Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
3Division of Population Health Research, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
4Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
5Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
© 2024, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
Funding
This research was supported by the “Korea National Institute of Health” (KNIH) Research project (No. 2019-E7109-00).
Author contributions
Conceptualiz ation: Lee HJ, Park HY. Data curation: Park SJ, Lyu J. Formal analysis: Park SJ, Lyu J. Funding acquisition: Park HY. Methodology: Lee HJ, Park HY. Project administration: Lee HJ. Visualization: Lyu J. Writing – original draft: Park SJ, Lyu J. Writing – review & editing: Lee HJ, Park HY, Lee K.
Nutrients | Pre-revision value | Post-revision value | Overall difference | % of pre-revision value | (Post-revision value/Pre-revision value)×100 (%) | Change (%) [(Post-revision value–Pre-revision value)/Pre-revision value]×100 | p-value2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 1,746.40±1.30 | 1,797.60±1.32 | 51.2 | 1.0 | 103.1 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
Protein (g) | 58.80±0.06 | 57.20±0.06 | -1.6 | 1.0 | 97.5 | -2.5 | <0.001 |
Fat (g) | 27.40±0.04 | 26.00±0.04 | -1.4 | 0.9 | 93.4 | -6.6 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 311.80±0.21 | 328.00±0.22 | 16.3 | 1.1 | 105.4 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
Ash (g) | 15.70±0.02 | 10.10±0.01 | -5.5 | 0.7 | 68.4 | -31.6 | <0.001 |
Fiber (g) | 5.80±0.01 | 24.50±0.02 | 18.7 | 4.5 | 448.4 | 348.4 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 442.70±0.61 | 465.10±0.61 | 22.5 | 1.1 | 107.2 | 7.2 | <0.001 |
Phosphorous (mg) | 888.20±0.84 | 800.30±0.84 | -87.9 | 0.9 | 88.8 | -11.2 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) | 9.90±0.01 | 8.90±0.01 | -1.1 | 0.9 | 93.0 | -7.0 | <0.001 |
Potassium (mg) | 2,245.60±2.48 | 1,972.80±2.30 | -272.8 | 0.9 | 87.5 | -12.5 | <0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 7.90±0.01 | 8.20±0.01 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 104.8 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg) | 2,575.20±3.35 | 1,977.70±2.66 | -597.5 | 0.8 | 77.8 | -22.2 | <0.001 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 479.60±0.81 | 487.20±0.85 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 103.1 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
Retinol (µg) | 66.70±0.14 | 91.80±0.20 | 25.2 | 1.3 | 133.5 | 33.5 | <0.001 |
β-carotene (µg) | 2,404.80±4.40 | 2,373.20±4.56 | -31.6 | 1.0 | 99.9 | -0.1 | <0.001 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 8.10±0.01 | 7.70±0.01 | -0.4 | 1.0 | 97.0 | -3.0 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.00±0.00 | 0.80±0.00 | -0.2 | 0.8 | 83.6 | -16.4 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.90±0.00 | 1.10±0.00 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 116.4 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
Niacin (mg) | 14.30±0.01 | 9.70±0.01 | -4.6 | 0.7 | 66.2 | -33.8 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 106.30±0.16 | 71.00±0.11 | -35.4 | 0.7 | 66.8 | -33.2 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.60±0.00 | 0.70±0.00 | -0.9 | 0.4 | 44.8 | -55.2 | <0.001 |
Folate (μg) | 217.50±0.29 | 237.10±0.28 | 19.5 | 1.1 | 113.4 | 13.4 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 161.40±0.29 | 138.20±0.24 | -23.3 | 0.9 | 88.6 | -11.4 | <0.001 |
Nutrients | Pre-revision value | Post-revision value | Overall difference | % of pre-revision value | (Post-revision value/Pre-revision value)×100 (%) | Change (%) [(Post-revision value–Pre-revision value)/Pre-revision value]×100 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 1,746.40±1.30 | 1,797.60±1.32 | 51.2 | 1.0 | 103.1 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
Protein (g) | 58.80±0.06 | 57.20±0.06 | -1.6 | 1.0 | 97.5 | -2.5 | <0.001 |
Fat (g) | 27.40±0.04 | 26.00±0.04 | -1.4 | 0.9 | 93.4 | -6.6 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 311.80±0.21 | 328.00±0.22 | 16.3 | 1.1 | 105.4 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
Ash (g) | 15.70±0.02 | 10.10±0.01 | -5.5 | 0.7 | 68.4 | -31.6 | <0.001 |
Fiber (g) | 5.80±0.01 | 24.50±0.02 | 18.7 | 4.5 | 448.4 | 348.4 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 442.70±0.61 | 465.10±0.61 | 22.5 | 1.1 | 107.2 | 7.2 | <0.001 |
Phosphorous (mg) | 888.20±0.84 | 800.30±0.84 | -87.9 | 0.9 | 88.8 | -11.2 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) | 9.90±0.01 | 8.90±0.01 | -1.1 | 0.9 | 93.0 | -7.0 | <0.001 |
Potassium (mg) | 2,245.60±2.48 | 1,972.80±2.30 | -272.8 | 0.9 | 87.5 | -12.5 | <0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 7.90±0.01 | 8.20±0.01 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 104.8 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg) | 2,575.20±3.35 | 1,977.70±2.66 | -597.5 | 0.8 | 77.8 | -22.2 | <0.001 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 479.60±0.81 | 487.20±0.85 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 103.1 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
Retinol (µg) | 66.70±0.14 | 91.80±0.20 | 25.2 | 1.3 | 133.5 | 33.5 | <0.001 |
β-carotene (µg) | 2,404.80±4.40 | 2,373.20±4.56 | -31.6 | 1.0 | 99.9 | -0.1 | <0.001 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 8.10±0.01 | 7.70±0.01 | -0.4 | 1.0 | 97.0 | -3.0 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.00±0.00 | 0.80±0.00 | -0.2 | 0.8 | 83.6 | -16.4 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.90±0.00 | 1.10±0.00 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 116.4 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
Niacin (mg) | 14.30±0.01 | 9.70±0.01 | -4.6 | 0.7 | 66.2 | -33.8 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 106.30±0.16 | 71.00±0.11 | -35.4 | 0.7 | 66.8 | -33.2 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.60±0.00 | 0.70±0.00 | -0.9 | 0.4 | 44.8 | -55.2 | <0.001 |
Folate (μg) | 217.50±0.29 | 237.10±0.28 | 19.5 | 1.1 | 113.4 | 13.4 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 161.40±0.29 | 138.20±0.24 | -23.3 | 0.9 | 88.6 | -11.4 | <0.001 |
Category (n) | Nutrients | Reason for selection |
---|---|---|
Dietary fiber (2) | Soluble | Diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease |
Insoluble | ||
Vitamins (2) | Vitamin D | High demand for researchers. diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity |
Vitamin B12 | Diabetes, hypertension, obesity | |
Minerals (4) | Magnesium | Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease |
Iodine | Diabetes, hypertension, obesity | |
Selenium | Diabetes, hypertension | |
Copper | Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease | |
Branched-chain amino acids (9) | Histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine | Diabetes, hyperlipidemia |
Sugar | Total sugar | Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease |
Fatty acids (30) | Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, gadoleic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosadienic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosadienoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid | High demand for researchers, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease |
Nutrients | Mean±SE |
---|---|
Total sugars (g) | 52.90±0.07 |
Water-soluble dietary fiber (g) | 3.50±0.01 |
Water-insoluble dietary fiber (g) | 9.30±0.01 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 7.70±0.01 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 4.80±0.01 |
Magnesium (mg) | 139.20±0.19 |
Iodine (μg) | 336.50±1.05 |
Selenium (μg) | 38.60±0.06 |
Copper (mg) | 0.40±0.00 |
Histidine (mg) | 728.90±1.08 |
Leucine (mg) | 1,976.20±2.89 |
Isoleucine (mg) | 1,017.40±1.49 |
Lysine (mg) | 1,534.90±2.32 |
Valine (mg) | 1,218.30±1.78 |
Phenylalanine (mg) | 1,171.90±1.69 |
Threonine (mg) | 1,085.00±1.58 |
Tryptophan (mg) | 284.80±0.41 |
Methionine (mg) | 530.50±0.80 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 9.90±0.02 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 8.10±0.01 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 5.20±0.01 |
Omega-3 fatty acids (g) | 1.00±0.00 |
Omega-6 fatty acids (g) | 4.10±0.01 |
Capric acid (mg) | 162.40±0.30 |
Lauric acid (mg) | 702.70±1.39 |
Myristic acid (mg) | 804.30±1.37 |
Palmitic acid (mg) | 4,980.80±8.35 |
Stearic acid (mg) | 1,972.50±3.59 |
Arachidic acid (mg) | 54.40±0.09 |
Behenic acid (mg) | 33.30±0.08 |
Lignoceric acid (mg) | 22.50±0.04 |
Myristoleic acid (mg) | 58.30±0.17 |
Palmitoleic acid (mg) | 394.90±0.77 |
Oleic acid (mg) | 6,230.10±11.02 |
Gadoleic acid (mg) | 133.80±0.26 |
Erucic acid (mg) | 47.10±0.13 |
Nervonic acid (mg) | 6.00±0.01 |
Linoleic acid (mg) | 3,814.90±5.96 |
α-linolenic acid (mg) | 517.00±0.81 |
γ-linolenic acid (mg) | 7.30±0.02 |
Stearidonic acid (mg) | 21.60±0.06 |
Eicosadienoic acid (mg) | 42.40±0.10 |
Eicosatrienoic acid (mg) | 16.70±0.03 |
Arachidonic acid (mg) | 44.00±0.12 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (mg) | 130.90±0.30 |
Docosadienoic acid (mg) | 3.30±0.01 |
Docosapentaenoic acid (mg) | 29.40±0.07 |
Docosahexaenoic acid (mg) | 249.00±0.56 |
Values are presented as mean±standard error. RE, retinol equivalent. Three pooled cohorts: Ansan and Ansung study, Health Examinee (HEXA) study, Cardiovascular Disease Association Study (CAVAS). Paired t-test.
KoGES, Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; SE, standard error.