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1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
2National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
3Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Nursing, Kyungmin University, Uijeongbu, Korea
5Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
6Gallup Korea, Seoul, Korea
7Graduate School of Public Health, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
9Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
10Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
11Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Korea
12Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
13Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
14Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
15MAPO-gu Public Health Center, Seoul, Korea
16GUNPO-si Public Health Center, Gunpo, Korea
17Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
18Department of Preventive Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
19Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
20Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
21Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
22Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
23Department of Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
24Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
25Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
26Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
27School of Public Health, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
28Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
29Institute of Health Policy and Management, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
30Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
31Department of Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
32Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
33Department of Health Policy and Management, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
34Department of Preventive Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
35Department of Health Information and Management, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
36Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
37Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
38Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
39Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
40Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Gyeongsan, Korea
41Department of Preventive Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Gyeongsan, Korea
42Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
43Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
44Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
45Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
46National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
47Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
48Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea
49Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
© 2023, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
This study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2022-ER2603-00).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: Kwon J, Kim SS, Kim B, Lee JW, Jang EY, Kim AR, Nam J, Kim DH, Lee SY. Data curation: Han J, Baek HJ, Noh E, Yoon K, Lee KO. Formal analysis: Han J, Noh E. Funding acquisition: Kim DH, Kwon J, Kim SS, Kim B, Lee JW, Jang EY, Kim AR, Nam J. Methodology: Han J, Baek HJ, Noh E, Yoon K, Kim JA, Ryu S, Lee KO, Park NY, Jung E, Kim S, Lee H, Hwang YS, Jung J, Lee HJ, Cho S, Oh S, Kim M. Project administration: Kim B, Lee JW, Jang EY, Kim AR, Nam J, Kim DH, Lee SY, Park NY, Kim S, Jung J, Lee HJ, Cho S, Oh CM, Yu B, Hong YS, Kim K, Jung S, Han MA, Lee MS, Lee JJ, Hwangbo Y, Yim HW, Kim YM, Lee J, Lee WY, Park JH, Oh S, Jo HS, Kim H, Kang G, Nam HS, Lee JH, Oh GJ, Shin MH, Ryu S, Hwang TY, Park SW, Kim SK, Seol R, Park KS, Kim SY. Visualization: Han J, Baek HJ, Noh E. Writing – original draft: Kim DH, Lee SY, Han J, Baek HJ, Noh E, Yoon K, Kim JA, Ryu S, Oh CM, Yu B, Hong YS, Kim K, Jung S, Han MA, Lee MS, Lee JJ, Hwangbo Y, Yim HW, Kim YM, Lee J, Lee WY, Park JH, Oh S, Jo HS, Kim H, Kang G, Nam HS, Lee JH, Oh GJ, Shin MH, Ryu S, Hwang TY, Park SW, Kim SK, Seol R, Park KS, Kim SY. Writing – review & editing: Kim DH, Lee SY, Han J, Baek HJ, Lee KO, Park NY, Jung E, Kim S, Lee H, Hwang YS, Jung J, Lee HJ, Cho S, Oh S, Kim M, Kwon J, Kim SS, Kim B, Lee JW, Jang EY, Kim AR, Nam J
Characteristics | n |
Prevalence of anti-S |
Prevalence of anti-N |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted % (95% CI) | RSE | p-value1 | Weighted % (95% CI) | RSE | p-value1 | |||
Overall | 9,945 | 97.6 (97.2, 97.9) | 0.2 | - | 57.1 (56.0, 58.2) | 1.0 | - | |
Sex | Male | 4,474 | 97.2 (96.6, 97.7) | 0.3 | 0.024 | 56.4 (54.7, 58.1) | 1.5 | 0.187 |
Female | 5,471 | 98.0 (97.5, 98.4) | 0.2 | 57.9 (56.4, 59.3) | 1.3 | |||
Age (yr) | 5-9 | 297 | 81.5 (76.5, 86.4) | 3.1 | <0.001 | 82.1 (77.3, 87.0) | 3.0 | <0.001 |
10-19 | 757 | 92.9 (90.9, 94.8) | 1.1 | 69.3 (65.8, 72.8) | 2.6 | |||
20-29 | 887 | 98.8 (98.1, 99.6) | 0.4 | 60.7 (57.1, 64.2) | 3.0 | |||
30-39 | 934 | 98.4 (97.5, 99.3) | 0.5 | 61.5 (58.1, 64.9) | 2.8 | |||
40-49 | 1,337 | 98.6 (97.9, 99.3) | 0.4 | 59.7 (56.8, 62.6) | 2.5 | |||
50-59 | 1,660 | 99.2 (98.7, 99.7) | 0.2 | 54.5 (51.9, 57.2) | 2.5 | |||
60-69 | 1,994 | 99.2 (98.8, 99.7) | 0.2 | 50.4 (47.9, 52.8) | 2.5 | |||
70-79 | 1,450 | 99.4 (98.9, 99.8) | 0.2 | 43.0 (40.2, 45.8) | 3.3 | |||
≥80 | 629 | 97.3 (95.8, 98.8) | 0.8 | 31.2 (27.2, 35.2) | 6.5 | |||
Education (age ≥19 yr) | Primary school | 1,555 | 99.1 (98.6, 99.6) | 0.3 | 0.721 | 40.1 (37.4, 42.9) | 3.4 | <0.001 |
Middle/High school | 3,702 | 98.9 (98.5, 99.3) | 0.2 | 54.4 (52.5, 56.2) | 1.7 | |||
Postsecondary | 3,582 | 98.7 (98.3, 99.2) | 0.2 | 58.2 (56.4, 60.0) | 1.6 | |||
Household income (/103 KRW) | <2,000 | 1,940 | 97.8 (97.0, 98.7) | 0.5 | 0.007 | 43.1 (40.5, 45.7) | 3.1 | <0.001 |
2,000-3,999 | 2,391 | 98.3 (97.7, 98.9) | 0.3 | 56.7 (54.4, 59.0) | 2.1 | |||
4,000-5,999 | 1,369 | 96.4 (95.3, 97.5) | 0.6 | 59.0 (56.1, 62.0) | 2.5 | |||
6,000-7,999 | 1,565 | 96.7 (95.6, 97.7) | 0.5 | 57.4 (54.7, 60.2) | 2.5 | |||
≥8,000 | 1,288 | 97.9 (97.0, 98.8) | 0.5 | 64.7 (61.9, 67.6) | 2.3 | |||
Generational household | Single person | 1,234 | 98.4 (97.5, 99.3) | 0.5 | <0.001 | 44.6 (41.3, 47.9) | 3.8 | <0.001 |
First generation | 2,802 | 99.3 (99.0, 99.7) | 0.2 | 52.3 (50.1, 54.4) | 2.1 | |||
Second generation | 4,195 | 96.4 (95.8, 97.1) | 0.3 | 60.8 (59.2, 62.4) | 1.4 | |||
Third generation | 526 | 97.6 (96.0, 99.2) | 0.9 | 58.4 (53.6, 63.2) | 4.2 | |||
Province | Seoul | 1,399 | 98.5 (97.8, 99.2) | 0.3 | <0.001 | 61.4 (58.7, 64.2) | 2.3 | <0.001 |
Busan | 636 | 98.5 (97.6, 99.4) | 0.5 | 63.2 (59.3, 67.2) | 3.2 | |||
Daegu | 382 | 93.6 (90.8, 96.3) | 1.5 | 53.5 (48.2, 58.8) | 5.1 | |||
Incheon | 485 | 95.9 (94.1, 97.8) | 1.0 | 51.3 (46.0, 56.6) | 5.3 | |||
Gwangju | 228 | 96.7 (94.2, 99.3) | 1.3 | 55.0 (47.8, 62.2) | 6.7 | |||
Daejeon | 230 | 96.3 (93.7, 98.9) | 1.4 | 58.0 (50.9, 65.1) | 6.3 | |||
Ulsan | 192 | 94.7 (91.0, 98.3) | 2.0 | 45.9 (37.7, 54.1) | 9.1 | |||
Sejong | 100 | 99.5 (98.4, 100.0) | 0.5 | 57.3 (47.4, 67.1) | 8.8 | |||
Gyeonggi | 2,173 | 98.2 (97.6, 98.8) | 0.3 | 57.7 (55.5, 59.9) | 2.0 | |||
Gangwon | 495 | 98.4 (97.1, 99.8) | 0.7 | 57.9 (53.3, 62.6) | 4.1 | |||
Chungbuk | 431 | 96.5 (94.4, 98.6) | 1.1 | 56.0 (50.4, 61.6) | 5.1 | |||
Chungnam | 513 | 97.7 (96.0, 99.4) | 0.9 | 54.4 (49.3, 59.5) | 4.8 | |||
Jeonbuk | 440 | 98.7 (97.3, 100.0) | 0.7 | 52.7 (47.0, 58.5) | 5.5 | |||
Jeonnam | 611 | 98.1 (96.7, 99.4) | 0.7 | 52.1 (47.8, 56.4) | 4.2 | |||
Gyeongbuk | 738 | 96.5 (94.8, 98.2) | 0.9 | 55.9 (51.8, 59.9) | 3.7 | |||
Gyeongnam | 710 | 97.7 (96.2, 99.1) | 0.8 | 55.7 (51.4, 60.1) | 4.0 | |||
Jeju | 182 | 97.7 (94.4, 100.0) | 1.7 | 60.7 (53.1, 68.4) | 6.4 |
Seroprevalence was estimated with sampling weights using the population of registered residents in July 2022.
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CI, confidence interval; RSE, relative standard error; anti-S, antibodies to spike proteins; anti-N, antibodies to nucleocapsid proteins; KRW, Korean won.
1 From the Rao-Scott chi-square test.
Characteristics | Age-standardized prevalence rate of anti-N1 (A) | Cumulative rate of confirmed COVID-19 reported by KCDC2 (B) | Proportion of unreported infections ([A−B]/A) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 57.2 | 37.8 | 33.9 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 56.5 | 35.8 | 36.6 | |
Female | 58.0 | 40.3 | 30.5 | |
Age (yr) | ||||
5-9 | 82.2 | 66.6 | 19.0 | |
10-19 | 69.5 | 55.3 | 20.4 | |
20-29 | 60.3 | 44.2 | 26.7 | |
30-39 | 61.7 | 43.4 | 29.7 | |
40-49 | 59.7 | 37.3 | 37.5 | |
50-59 | 54.5 | 28.4 | 47.9 | |
60-69 | 50.4 | 27.7 | 45.0 | |
70-79 | 42.7 | 25.4 | 40.5 | |
≥80 | 30.9 | 26.9 | 12.9 | |
Province | ||||
Seoul | 61.6 | 41.5 | 32.6 | |
Busan | 63.6 | 35.0 | 45.0 | |
Daegu | 53.5 | 33.9 | 36.6 | |
Incheon | 51.1 | 38.7 | 24.3 | |
Gwangju | 54.6 | 38.9 | 28.8 | |
Daejeon | 57.9 | 37.8 | 34.7 | |
Ulsan | 46.1 | 37.3 | 19.1 | |
Sejong | 53.7 | 40.2 | 25.1 | |
Gyeonggi | 56.9 | 39.1 | 31.3 | |
Gangwon | 59.6 | 36.3 | 39.1 | |
Chungbuk | 56.7 | 37.2 | 34.4 | |
Chungnam | 54.8 | 36.2 | 33.9 | |
Jeonbuk | 53.9 | 35.8 | 33.6 | |
Jeonnam | 54.0 | 34.3 | 36.5 | |
Gyeongbuk | 57.5 | 32.0 | 44.3 | |
Gyeongnam | 56.1 | 35.0 | 37.6 | |
Jeju | 60.2 | 39.2 | 34.9 |
Values are presented as %.
KCDC, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; anti-N, antibodies to nucleocapsid proteins; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
1 Estimated with age-standardized weights using the population of registered residents in December 2021.
2 The cumulative incidence rate was calculated by using the cumulative number of people confirmed by KCDC to have COVID-19 through July 31, 2022 as the numerator and the registered resident population in December 2021 as the denominator.
Province | Community health centers (n) | Population | Priority allocation (PSU) | Proration (PSU) | Total (PSU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seoul | 25 | 9,493,211 | 50 | 89 | 139 |
Busan | 16 | 3,334,595 | 32 | 31 | 63 |
Daegu | 8 | 2,374,120 | 16 | 22 | 38 |
Incheon | 10 | 2,960,580 | 20 | 28 | 48 |
Gwangju | 5 | 1,434,703 | 10 | 13 | 23 |
Daejeon | 5 | 1,448,182 | 10 | 13 | 23 |
Ulsan | 5 | 1,114,753 | 10 | 10 | 20 |
Sejong | 1 | 380,889 | 2 | 8 | 10 |
Gyeonggi | 48 | 13,589,362 | 96 | 126 | 222 |
Gangwon | 18 | 1,539,178 | 36 | 14 | 50 |
Chungbuk | 14 | 1,597,163 | 28 | 15 | 43 |
Chungnam | 16 | 2,121,011 | 32 | 20 | 52 |
Jeonbuk | 14 | 1,776,949 | 28 | 17 | 45 |
Jeonnam | 22 | 1,825,534 | 44 | 17 | 61 |
Gyeongbuk | 25 | 2,612,016 | 50 | 24 | 74 |
Gyeongnam | 20 | 3,293,709 | 40 | 31 | 71 |
Jeju | 6 | 678,491 | 12 | 6 | 18 |
Total | 258 | 51,574,446 | 516 | 484 | 1,000 |
Characteristics | n | Prevalence of anti-S |
Prevalence of anti-N |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted % (95% CI) | RSE | p-value |
Weighted % (95% CI) | RSE | p-value |
|||
Overall | 9,945 | 97.6 (97.2, 97.9) | 0.2 | - | 57.1 (56.0, 58.2) | 1.0 | - | |
Sex | Male | 4,474 | 97.2 (96.6, 97.7) | 0.3 | 0.024 | 56.4 (54.7, 58.1) | 1.5 | 0.187 |
Female | 5,471 | 98.0 (97.5, 98.4) | 0.2 | 57.9 (56.4, 59.3) | 1.3 | |||
Age (yr) | 5-9 | 297 | 81.5 (76.5, 86.4) | 3.1 | <0.001 | 82.1 (77.3, 87.0) | 3.0 | <0.001 |
10-19 | 757 | 92.9 (90.9, 94.8) | 1.1 | 69.3 (65.8, 72.8) | 2.6 | |||
20-29 | 887 | 98.8 (98.1, 99.6) | 0.4 | 60.7 (57.1, 64.2) | 3.0 | |||
30-39 | 934 | 98.4 (97.5, 99.3) | 0.5 | 61.5 (58.1, 64.9) | 2.8 | |||
40-49 | 1,337 | 98.6 (97.9, 99.3) | 0.4 | 59.7 (56.8, 62.6) | 2.5 | |||
50-59 | 1,660 | 99.2 (98.7, 99.7) | 0.2 | 54.5 (51.9, 57.2) | 2.5 | |||
60-69 | 1,994 | 99.2 (98.8, 99.7) | 0.2 | 50.4 (47.9, 52.8) | 2.5 | |||
70-79 | 1,450 | 99.4 (98.9, 99.8) | 0.2 | 43.0 (40.2, 45.8) | 3.3 | |||
≥80 | 629 | 97.3 (95.8, 98.8) | 0.8 | 31.2 (27.2, 35.2) | 6.5 | |||
Education (age ≥19 yr) | Primary school | 1,555 | 99.1 (98.6, 99.6) | 0.3 | 0.721 | 40.1 (37.4, 42.9) | 3.4 | <0.001 |
Middle/High school | 3,702 | 98.9 (98.5, 99.3) | 0.2 | 54.4 (52.5, 56.2) | 1.7 | |||
Postsecondary | 3,582 | 98.7 (98.3, 99.2) | 0.2 | 58.2 (56.4, 60.0) | 1.6 | |||
Household income (/103 KRW) | <2,000 | 1,940 | 97.8 (97.0, 98.7) | 0.5 | 0.007 | 43.1 (40.5, 45.7) | 3.1 | <0.001 |
2,000-3,999 | 2,391 | 98.3 (97.7, 98.9) | 0.3 | 56.7 (54.4, 59.0) | 2.1 | |||
4,000-5,999 | 1,369 | 96.4 (95.3, 97.5) | 0.6 | 59.0 (56.1, 62.0) | 2.5 | |||
6,000-7,999 | 1,565 | 96.7 (95.6, 97.7) | 0.5 | 57.4 (54.7, 60.2) | 2.5 | |||
≥8,000 | 1,288 | 97.9 (97.0, 98.8) | 0.5 | 64.7 (61.9, 67.6) | 2.3 | |||
Generational household | Single person | 1,234 | 98.4 (97.5, 99.3) | 0.5 | <0.001 | 44.6 (41.3, 47.9) | 3.8 | <0.001 |
First generation | 2,802 | 99.3 (99.0, 99.7) | 0.2 | 52.3 (50.1, 54.4) | 2.1 | |||
Second generation | 4,195 | 96.4 (95.8, 97.1) | 0.3 | 60.8 (59.2, 62.4) | 1.4 | |||
Third generation | 526 | 97.6 (96.0, 99.2) | 0.9 | 58.4 (53.6, 63.2) | 4.2 | |||
Province | Seoul | 1,399 | 98.5 (97.8, 99.2) | 0.3 | <0.001 | 61.4 (58.7, 64.2) | 2.3 | <0.001 |
Busan | 636 | 98.5 (97.6, 99.4) | 0.5 | 63.2 (59.3, 67.2) | 3.2 | |||
Daegu | 382 | 93.6 (90.8, 96.3) | 1.5 | 53.5 (48.2, 58.8) | 5.1 | |||
Incheon | 485 | 95.9 (94.1, 97.8) | 1.0 | 51.3 (46.0, 56.6) | 5.3 | |||
Gwangju | 228 | 96.7 (94.2, 99.3) | 1.3 | 55.0 (47.8, 62.2) | 6.7 | |||
Daejeon | 230 | 96.3 (93.7, 98.9) | 1.4 | 58.0 (50.9, 65.1) | 6.3 | |||
Ulsan | 192 | 94.7 (91.0, 98.3) | 2.0 | 45.9 (37.7, 54.1) | 9.1 | |||
Sejong | 100 | 99.5 (98.4, 100.0) | 0.5 | 57.3 (47.4, 67.1) | 8.8 | |||
Gyeonggi | 2,173 | 98.2 (97.6, 98.8) | 0.3 | 57.7 (55.5, 59.9) | 2.0 | |||
Gangwon | 495 | 98.4 (97.1, 99.8) | 0.7 | 57.9 (53.3, 62.6) | 4.1 | |||
Chungbuk | 431 | 96.5 (94.4, 98.6) | 1.1 | 56.0 (50.4, 61.6) | 5.1 | |||
Chungnam | 513 | 97.7 (96.0, 99.4) | 0.9 | 54.4 (49.3, 59.5) | 4.8 | |||
Jeonbuk | 440 | 98.7 (97.3, 100.0) | 0.7 | 52.7 (47.0, 58.5) | 5.5 | |||
Jeonnam | 611 | 98.1 (96.7, 99.4) | 0.7 | 52.1 (47.8, 56.4) | 4.2 | |||
Gyeongbuk | 738 | 96.5 (94.8, 98.2) | 0.9 | 55.9 (51.8, 59.9) | 3.7 | |||
Gyeongnam | 710 | 97.7 (96.2, 99.1) | 0.8 | 55.7 (51.4, 60.1) | 4.0 | |||
Jeju | 182 | 97.7 (94.4, 100.0) | 1.7 | 60.7 (53.1, 68.4) | 6.4 |
Characteristics | Age-standardized prevalence rate of anti-N |
Cumulative rate of confirmed COVID-19 reported by KCDC |
Proportion of unreported infections ([A−B]/A) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 57.2 | 37.8 | 33.9 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 56.5 | 35.8 | 36.6 | |
Female | 58.0 | 40.3 | 30.5 | |
Age (yr) | ||||
5-9 | 82.2 | 66.6 | 19.0 | |
10-19 | 69.5 | 55.3 | 20.4 | |
20-29 | 60.3 | 44.2 | 26.7 | |
30-39 | 61.7 | 43.4 | 29.7 | |
40-49 | 59.7 | 37.3 | 37.5 | |
50-59 | 54.5 | 28.4 | 47.9 | |
60-69 | 50.4 | 27.7 | 45.0 | |
70-79 | 42.7 | 25.4 | 40.5 | |
≥80 | 30.9 | 26.9 | 12.9 | |
Province | ||||
Seoul | 61.6 | 41.5 | 32.6 | |
Busan | 63.6 | 35.0 | 45.0 | |
Daegu | 53.5 | 33.9 | 36.6 | |
Incheon | 51.1 | 38.7 | 24.3 | |
Gwangju | 54.6 | 38.9 | 28.8 | |
Daejeon | 57.9 | 37.8 | 34.7 | |
Ulsan | 46.1 | 37.3 | 19.1 | |
Sejong | 53.7 | 40.2 | 25.1 | |
Gyeonggi | 56.9 | 39.1 | 31.3 | |
Gangwon | 59.6 | 36.3 | 39.1 | |
Chungbuk | 56.7 | 37.2 | 34.4 | |
Chungnam | 54.8 | 36.2 | 33.9 | |
Jeonbuk | 53.9 | 35.8 | 33.6 | |
Jeonnam | 54.0 | 34.3 | 36.5 | |
Gyeongbuk | 57.5 | 32.0 | 44.3 | |
Gyeongnam | 56.1 | 35.0 | 37.6 | |
Jeju | 60.2 | 39.2 | 34.9 |
PSU, primary sampling unit; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Seroprevalence was estimated with sampling weights using the population of registered residents in July 2022. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CI, confidence interval; RSE, relative standard error; anti-S, antibodies to spike proteins; anti-N, antibodies to nucleocapsid proteins; KRW, Korean won. From the Rao-Scott chi-square test.
Values are presented as %. KCDC, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; anti-N, antibodies to nucleocapsid proteins; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Estimated with age-standardized weights using the population of registered residents in December 2021. The cumulative incidence rate was calculated by using the cumulative number of people confirmed by KCDC to have COVID-19 through July 31, 2022 as the numerator and the registered resident population in December 2021 as the denominator.