WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak

Youngmee Jee

doi:10.4178/epih.e2020013

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COVID-19 Editorial WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak: Youngmee Jee^1,2; Epidemiol Health 2020;42:e2020013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020013
Published online: March 19, 2020

¹Member of the WHO IHR Emergency Committee for COVID-19

²Global Center for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Youngmee Jee Global Center for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea E-mail: jeey62@gmail.com

• Received: February 12, 2020 • Accepted: March 15, 2020

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Ethics statement
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

To discuss whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), World Health Organization (WHO) organized the 15-member International Health Regulations Emergency Committee (EC). On January 22-23 and January 30, 2020, EC convened and discussed whether the situation in China and other countries would constitute PHEIC and issued recommendations for WHO, China and the international community. Based on the recommendations of EC, WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a PHEIC. One of the purposes of the declaration of PHEIC was to alarm countries with weak public health infrastructures to prepare promptly for emerging infectious diseases (EID) and provide WHO with a framework for proactively supporting those countries. On February 3, 2020, WHO proposed the 2019 COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan, which includes accelerating research and development (R&D) processes as one of three major strategies. On February 11-12, 2020, WHO held the Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap for COVID-19. The fact that a COVID-19 R&D forum was the first meeting convened after the PHEIC declaration testifies to the importance of R&D in response to EID. Korea has demonstrated a remarkable capacity in its laboratory response by conducting high-throughput COVID-19 testing and utilizing innovative drive-through samplings. These measures for early detection and screening of cases should be followed by full efforts to produce research-based evidence by thoroughly analyzing epidemiological, clinical and immunological data, which will facilitate the development of vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19. It is expected that Korea plays a global partner for COVID-19 research by actively participating in immediate and mid/long-term priorities jointly led by WHO and global partners.
Keywords: COVID-19, International Health Regulations, Emergency Committee, Public Health Emergency of International Concern, Research and development

The first and second teleconferences of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee (EC) to discuss the situation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and whether WHO should declare a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)” were held on January 22-23 and January 30, 2020 [1]. In the early morning of January 31, 2020 (Korea Standard Time), WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a PHEIC as stipulated by Article 12 of the IHR. To date, there have been six occasions of declaring PHEICs by WHO including the current COVID-19 outbreak. Previously declared cases include the 2009 novel flu pandemic, 2014 wild polio, 2014 West African Ebola, 2016 Zika virus, and 2018 Ebola outbreak.

Under the IHR revised in 2005, each country must report any event that may constitute a PHEIC to WHO within 24 hours. Based on the risk of international spread, and travel or trade restrictions during the public health emergency in the country, WHO establishes an EC to discuss whether PHEIC must be declared, and the final declaration is made by the WHO Director-General. For WHO to declare a PHEIC, the necessary criteria provided in Annex 2 of the IHR must be fulfilled [1]. This includes the assessment of significant risk of international spread, and impact of the infectious disease on travel or trade. Given that many cases of infectious disease occur during an outbreak and are reported to WHO every year, a PHEIC is determined by WHO after carefully assessing whether the reported event (1) has a serious public health impact, (2) is unusual or unexpected, (3) has significant risk of international spread, and (4) has significant risk of international travel or trade restrictions [1].

The current IHR COVID-19 EC consists of 15 experts, from various fields, representing the six WHO regions. The experts are from Australia, Canada, China, France, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore (2), Korea, Thailand (2) and United States. Their areas of expertise include epidemiology, virology, infectious diseases and public health as well as risk communications. Since PHEIC declaration requires a consensus of committee members, COVID-19 was not declared as a PHEIC at the first meeting held on January 22-23, 2020 as a consensus was not reached. After monitoring the development of community transmission in other countries, WHO formed a consensus in the second meeting held on January 30, 2020. The EC acknowledged that confirmed cases were reported in five WHO regions in one month, and human-to-human transmission occurred outside China. The EC also mentioned in a statement that interruption of virus spread is still possible if countries put strong measures to detect cases early, isolate and treat cases, trace contact and promote social distancing. It also noted that strategic goals and measures to prevent and reduce spread of infection could be revised in view of evolving situations.

Based on the advice of the EC, information provided by the affected countries, and data on the risk of international spread and problem of travel or trade restrictions, the WHO Director-General has the authority to make the final declaration of PHEIC.

The following is a summary of the statement of the EC, advising the Director-General Ghebreyesus on the determination of PHEIC (the three-point summary provided below is based on my editorial published in the Hankook Ilbo on February 3, 2020 [2]).

First, WHO shall send experts to China and organize a joint mission to address the situation. This joint mission team shall be similar to the joint assessment team organized during the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015. The difference is that in Korea, the joint mission was conducted first, resulting in no PHEIC declaration, while in China, emergency was declared first, and then the joint mission was conducted. The joint mission shall assess the situation of the COVID-19 outbreak and response measures taken in China, and will provide recommendations accordingly. In addition, it was emphasized that WHO shall provide support to countries and regions with vulnerable public health infrastructure and collaborate with them.

Second, the measures to be taken by China were listed. This included cooperation with WHO and related agencies and identification of infected travelers by conducting exit screening at airports and ports. In particular, a thorough exit screening for China was emphasized to minimize travel restrictions from China to other countries.

Third, the statement included that WHO shall not immediately recommend any travel or trade restrictions based on current information available. It was proposed that if a State Party was required to implement measures that constrained international traffic of travelers and goods, it must notify WHO of the public health justification within 48 hours for WHO to review the justification for such a measure. Moreover, the State Parties were cautioned not to promote stigma or discrimination against specific groups, in accordance with the human rights principles of Article 3 of the IHR.

The primary aim of WHO, upon declaration of PHEIC, is to prevent the international spread of the infectious disease as much as possible and support the response of the affected country, while avoiding imposing excessive trade restrictions. IHR states that the following measures shall be taken when WHO declares a PHEIC (Article 13 Public Health Response):

First, each State Party shall secure the capacity to respond to public health risks and PHEIC promptly and effectively within five years from the declaration of imposition of these regulations. WHO, in consultation with Member States, shall support the State Party in securing public health response capacity. The five-year period may be extended by another two years if necessary, and in exceptional circumstances, the State Party may request the WHO Director-General for a further extension, not exceeding another two years, by presenting a new implementation plan. The Director-General shall make the decision based on the technical advice of the Review Committee, and the State Party that has obtained an extension shall report to WHO on the progress.

Second, at the request of the State Party concerned, WHO shall actively collaborate with the Party by providing technical guidance and assistance, and, if necessary, mobilizing international experts for on-site assistance.

Third, if WHO declares a PHEIC in consultation with the State Party concerned, it may offer, in addition to the support mentioned above, further assistance including an assessment of the severity of the international risk and adequacy of the control measures. When conducting an on-site assessment, WHO shall mobilize international assistance and share relevant information with the State Party concerned.

Fourth, in line with the PHEIC declaration, WHO shall provide appropriate support to all State Parties that request assistance.

Of the six PHEIC declarations, the 2014 polio, 2018 Ebola, and 2020 COVID-19 declarations are ongoing. WHO regularly holds meetings of the IHR EC to determine the need to revise the recommendations and maintain the PHEIC status of these outbreaks.

As of March 25, 2020, 436,518 confirmed cases, including 19,645 deaths, of COVID-19 have been reported in 198 countries in the 6 WHO regions over a period of 80 days since China’s first official report on December 31, 2019. With the commencement of large-scale community transmission in European and Middle Eastern countries, the WHO Director-General Ghebreyesus declared COVID-19 a pandemic, based on the speed and scale of spread of COVID-19, at a briefing on March 11, 2020 (Figure 1) [3]. However, WHO has not defined the exact criteria for pandemic declaration, and so far, it has declared only influenza as a pandemic. An annual progress report, based on the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, is published to prepare for an influenza outbreak that occurs every year [4]. Although the COVID-19 pandemic declaration will not significantly change the responses of the State Parties, it has reaffirmed that the countries vulnerable to this novel infectious disease shall prepare for outbreaks more thoroughly, and WHO shall actively support and collaborate with them to accomplish the same.

As stated in the IHR, upon PHEIC declaration, WHO makes various efforts to internationally coordinate the necessary support in order to terminate the PHEIC status as soon as possible. The 2019 COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan was proposed by WHO on February 3, 2020 [5]. It is noteworthy that this strategy also includes accelerating the research and development (R&D) process as one of three major strategies. Since COVID-19 is a novel infectious disease identified only months ago, many aspects of the disease are yet to be discovered through research.

On February 11-12, 2020, WHO held the Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap for COVID-19. Experts from the WHO R&D Blueprint, including myself, members of the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness, major global funders, and other experts attended the forum [6]. The fact that a COVID-19 R&D forum was convened soon after the PHEIC declaration proved the importance of R&D in the response to emerging infectious diseases. The forum selected 8 immediate research areas of priority as well as mid-term and long-term priorities in areas including epidemiology, clinical management, infection control, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development. Korea should actively participate in the COVID-19 immediate and mid/long-term priorities jointly led by WHO and its global partners to yield results that can be utilized to develop an effective global response to COVID-19.

It was a valuable experience for me to participate in the PHEIC decision process as a member of the WHO IHR COVID-19 EC. Through this experience, I learned that declaration of a PHEIC has various impacts on policy decisions depending on the country’s situation. As mentioned above, PHEIC declaration provides a rationale for WHO to actively cooperate with vulnerable countries with poor public health infrastructure and assist them in preparing for outbreaks of novel infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and to provide technical guidance and assistance as well as mobilizing international experts for on-site assistance, if necessary. It is true that Korea is demonstrating remarkable efficiency in its response to COVID-19 by conducting high-through-put laboratory testing and even utilizing drive-through sampling centers. However, in addition to this response for early detection and screening of cases, the government should also focus on producing research-based evidence by thoroughly analyzing epidemiological, clinical and immunological data of cases, which are prerequisite for developing vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19.

Ethics statement

This paper is a editorial so it did not need ethical consideration.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Korean version is available at http://www.e-epih.org/.

epih-42-e2020013-suppl.docx

NOTES

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author has no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

Figure 1.

Evolution of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. WHO, World Health Organization; PHEIC, Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Modified from WHO. Global research and innovation forum to mobilize international action in response to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergency [3].

REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization. International health regulations (2005. 3rd ed. 2016 [cited 2020 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/.Article
2. Jee Y. PHEIC declared: what does WHO say?; 2020 Feb 3 [cited 2020 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/202002021589772383(Korean).
3. World Health Organization. Global research and innovation forum to mobilize international action in response to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergency; 2020 Feb 11-12 [cited 2020 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/02/11/default-calendar/global-research-and-innovation-forum-to-mobilize-international-action-in-response-to-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-emergency.
4. World Health Organization. Pandemic influenza preparedness (PIP) framework. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/en/.
5. World Health Organization. 2019 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): strategic preparedness and response plan: 2020 Feb 3. [cited 2020 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/srp-04022020.pdf.
6. World Health Organization. A research and development Blueprint for action to prevent epidemics. [cited 2020 Mar 22] Available from: https://www.who.int/blueprint/en/.

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Pathogens.2023; 12(8): 977. CrossRef
Shortages of Medicines to Treat COVID-19 Symptoms during the First Wave and Fourth Wave: Analysis of Notifications Reported to Registers in Austria, Italy, and Spain
Diana Ivonne Rodríguez Sánchez, Sabine Vogler
Pharmacy.2023; 11(4): 120. CrossRef
What Are the Current Status and Educational Needs of Global Health Education in Medical Schools? A Nationwide Survey in Korea
Songrim Kim, Sun Young Kyung, Ie Byung Park, Kwi Hwa Park
Korean Medical Education Review.2023; 25(3): 258. CrossRef
Association of COVID-19 Infection with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Older Adults’ Population Aged over 65 Years Old
Eleni Pavlidou, Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Georgios Antasouras, Theofanis Vorvolakos, Olga Alexatou, Gerasimos Tsourouflis, Exakousti-Petroula Angelakou, Aspasia Serdari, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Evmorfia Psara, Konstantinos Vadikolias, Antonios Dakanalis
Diseases.2023; 11(4): 165. CrossRef
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards the Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Delhi-NCR Regions of India
Ankita Dua, Rakesh Roshan, Aeshna Nigam, Deepika Yadav, Jitendra K. Chaudhary
Microsphere.2023; 2(1): 159. CrossRef
Analysis the Effectiveness of Remdesivir, Galidesivir, Sofosbuvir, Tenofovir and Ribavirin as Potential Therapeutic Drug target against SARS-Cov-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp): An in Silico Docking Study
Rajneesh Prajapat, Suman Jain
Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences.2023; 9(3): 143. CrossRef
Remote Inclusion of Vulnerable Users in Mobile Health Intervention Design: Retrospective Case Analysis (Preprint)
Ingjerd J. Straand, Kimberley A. Baxter, Asbjørn Følstad
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association of Physical Distancing Behaviors to Avoid COVID-19 with Health-Related Quality of Life in Immunocompromised and Non-Immunocompromised Individuals: The Patient-Informed Protocol for the Observational, Cross-Sectional EAGLE Study (Preprint)
Paul Williams, Timothy A. Herring, Renata Yokota, Tiago Maia, Sudhir Venkatesan, James C. Marcus, Gabriella Settergren, Sofie Arnetorp, Andrew Lloyd, JL "Hans" Severens, James W. Varni, Sharon Dixon, Lweendo Hamusankwa, Philip A. Powell, Sylvia Taylor, Jo
JMIR Research Protocols.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the quality of life of patients monitored for cancer who practice an adapted physical activity: rugby for health
Stéphanie Motton, Kelig Vergriete, Luc Nguyen VanPhi, Eric Lambaudie, Audrey Berthoumieu, Jean Pous, Martine Delannes, Julien Piscione, Caroline Cornou, Benoit Bataille, Diane Saxod, Fabien Pillard
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2022; 148(2): 425. CrossRef
COVID 19 disease independently predicted endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated dilatation
Elif Ergül, Ahmet Seyda Yılmaz, Muhammet Mürsel Öğütveren, Nadir Emlek, Uğur Kostakoğlu, Mustafa Çetin
The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.2022; 38(1): 25. CrossRef
Self-Medication in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survival of the Fittest
Kiran Rafiq, Shagufta Nesar, Humaira Anser, Qurat-ul-Ain Leghari, Alisha Hassan, Alina Rizvi, Aleeza Raza, Zafar Saied Saify
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness.2022; 16(6): 2534. CrossRef
Retinal manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenetic implications: a systematic review
Sagnik Sen, Naresh Babu Kannan, Jayant Kumar, Renu P. Rajan, Karthik Kumar, Girish Baliga, Harshavardhan Reddy, Anubhav Upadhyay, Kim Ramasamy
International Ophthalmology.2022; 42(1): 323. CrossRef
COVID-19 vaccine equity: a health systems and policy perspective
Remco Van De Pas, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Raffaella Ravinetto, Prashanth N Srinivas, Theresa J. Ochoa, Thierno Oumar Fofana, Wim Van Damme
Expert Review of Vaccines.2022; 21(1): 25. CrossRef
An Overview of King Hussein Cancer Center Institutional Review Board Over 12 Years (2009–2020), Successes and Challenges, Including Those Imposed by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Linda Kateb, Sawsan El-Jayousi, Maysa Al-Hussaini
Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics.2022; 17(1-2): 94. CrossRef
Predictors of healthcare workers' intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: A cross sectional study from Saudi Arabia
Samir Ibrahim Arif, Ahmed Mohammed Aldukhail, Meshari Dhaifallah Albaqami, Rodella Cabauatan Silvano, Maher A. Titi, Bandar I. Arif, Yasser S. Amer, Hayfaa Wahabi
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2022; 29(4): 2314. CrossRef
The impact of COVID-19 on the retina: clinical features and management considerations
Alessandro Invernizzi
Expert Review of Ophthalmology.2022; 17(1): 53. CrossRef
Otitis Media Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Tal Marom, Jacob Pitaro, Udayan K. Shah, Sara Torretta, Paola Marchisio, Ayan T. Kumar, Patrick C. Barth, Sharon Ovnat Tamir
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence, Management, and Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation and Other Supraventricular Arrhythmias in COVID-19 Patients
Michele Magnocavallo, Giampaolo Vetta, Domenico G. Della Rocca, Carola Gianni, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Mohamed Bassiouny, Luca Di Lullo, Armando Del Prete, Donatello Cirone, Carlo Lavalle, Cristina Chimenti, Amin Al-Ahmad, J. David Burkhardt, G. Joseph Galli
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Perception of healthcare workers towards ethical aspects of responsiveness of COVID 19 outbreak
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Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2022; 11(1): 60. CrossRef
Micro/nano biomedical devices for point-of-care diagnosis of infectious respiratory diseases
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Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices.2022; 14: 100116. CrossRef
Effects of COVID-19 lockdown in Milan urban and Rome suburban acoustic environments: Anomalous noise events and intermittency ratio
Francesc Alías, Rosa Ma. Alsina-Pagès
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.2022; 151(3): 1676. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance of RT-PCR-based sample pooling strategy for the detection of SARS-CoV-2
Miguel Hueda-Zavaleta, Cesar Copaja-Corzo, Vicente A. Benites-Zapata, Pedro Cardenas-Rueda, Jorge L. Maguiña, Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19: Promising evidence from in vitro results
Panagiotis Mallis, Theofanis Chatzistamatiou, Zetta Dimou, Eirini-Faidra Sarri, Eleni Georgiou, Maria Salagianni, Vasiliki Triantafyllia, Evangelos Andreakos, Catherine Stavropoulos-Giokas, Efstathios Michalopoulos
World Journal of Biological Chemistry.2022; 13(2): 47. CrossRef
Retinal Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study
Eleonora Riotto, Vladimir Mégevand, Alexis Mégevand, Christophe Marti, Jerome Pugin, Alexandros N. Stangos, Leonardo Marconi Archinto, Gordana Sunaric Mégevand
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(7): 1828. CrossRef
Handwashing quality assessment via deep learning: a modelling study for monitoring compliance and standards in hospitals and communities
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Intelligent Medicine.2022; 2(3): 152. CrossRef
Unique presentations of aspergillosis endogenous endophthalmitis in two hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19
Alaa E Fayed, Ismail I Hamza, Sherif N Embabi
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 70(4): 1421. CrossRef
COVID-19 and Cardiac Arrhythmias: a Contemporary Review
Sandeep A. Saha, Andrea M. Russo, Mina K. Chung, Thomas F. Deering, Dhanunjaya Lakkireddy, Rakesh Gopinathannair
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Analysis of Gynecologic Cancer Management at Sanglah Hospital during COVID- 19 Pandemic
I Gde Sastra Winata, Ngakan Ketut Darmawan, I Nyoman Gede Budiana, I Nyoman Bayu Mahendra
European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences.2022; 4(2): 4. CrossRef
Assessing Governments’ Emergency Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak Using a Social Network Analysis (SNA)
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Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes with Regular Yoga and Heartfulness Meditation Practice: Results from a Multi-national, Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)
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JMIR Formative Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Is Omicron the end of pandemic or start of a new innings?
Swarnali Das, Sovan Samanta, Jhimli Banerjee, Amitava Pal, Biplab Giri, Suvrendu Sankar Kar, Sandeep Kumar Dash
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Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecine Etkisi Bağlamında Kamusal Tedbirlere Analitik Bakış
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Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Burnout among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study in a Tertiary Centre
Mohammad J. Jaber, Ahmad M. AlBashaireh, Mohammad H. AlShatarat, Ola M. Alqudah, Susanna E. Du Preez, Khalid S. AlGhamdi, Hind M. AlTmaizy, Mohammad A. Abo Dawass
The Open Nursing Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Determining the COVID-19 effects on spillover between oil market and stock exchange: a global perspective analysis
Ran Yan, Fuguo Cao, Ke Gao
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2022; 29(44): 66109. CrossRef
Mapeo de protocolos de investigación, publicaciones y colaboraciones sobre la COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe
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Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública.2022; 46: 1. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in 1294 New Cancer Patients: Single-Center, Prospective Cohort Study from Iran
Danial Fazilat-Panah, Hamid Fallah Tafti, Yavar Rajabzadeh, Maedeh Alsadat Fatemi, Nahid Ahmadi, Davoud Jahansouz, Mohsen Tabasi, Seyed Alireza Javadinia, Maryam Joudi, Hadi Harati, Fahimeh Attarian, Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
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Trends in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Short-term Outcomes During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden
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How to Manage a Strabismus Clinic During the COVID-19 Pandemic; What is Really Urgent, What is Not?: A Single-Center Case Series from Turkey
Demet Yabanoğlu, Hande Taylan Şekeroğlu
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 52(2): 96. CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants: Unmasking Structure, Function, Infection, and Immune Escape Mechanisms
Jiaqi Li, Huimin Jia, Miaomiao Tian, Nijin Wu, Xia Yang, Jianni Qi, Wanhua Ren, Feifei Li, Hongjun Bian
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Neutralizing Antibodies Response against 14 SARS-CoV-2 Variants in BNT162b2 Vaccinated Naïve and COVID-19 Positive Healthcare Workers from a Northern Italian Hospital
Josè Camilla Sammartino, Irene Cassaniti, Alessandro Ferrari, Federica Giardina, Guglielmo Ferrari, Federica Zavaglio, Stefania Paolucci, Daniele Lilleri, Antonio Piralla, Fausto Baldanti, Elena Percivalle
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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes in Patients With Critical Limb Threatening Ischaemia and Diabetic Foot Infection
Hany Zayed, Mustafa Musajee, Narayanan Thulasidasan, Mohamed Sayed, Federica Francia, Meryl Green, Martin Arissol, Alpa Lakhani, Lukla Biasi, Sanjay Patel
Annals of Surgery.2022; 275(6): 1037. CrossRef
CT Imaging Research Progress in COVID-19
Zhi Yong Shen, Xun Cheng Yan, Xiao Dong You, Xue Wen Zhang
Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2022; 18(3): 267. CrossRef
Anxiety Levels of Dental PhD and Specialty Program Students in Turkey About COVID-19 Pandemic Process
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Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences.2022; 12(2): 445. CrossRef
A comprehensive genomic study, mutation screening, phylogenetic and statistical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant omicron among different countries
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A National Survey Evaluating the Knowledge and Attitude of Health-Care Workers of Saudi Arabia about Coronavirus Infection
Poonam Agarwal, Vinuth Dhundanalli Puttalingaiah, Kumar Chandan Srivastava, Sarah Hatab Alanazi, Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Deepti Shrivastava
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.2022; 14(Suppl 1): S726. CrossRef
SURGICAL ISCHEMIC ASPECTS OF COVID-19: MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COVID TOES AND FINGERS
Oleksandr Yu. Ioffe, Stepan L. Kindzer, Mykola S. Kryvopustov, Yuri A. Dibrova, Yuri P. Tsiura, Mykhailo O. Havrylchenko, Oleg V. Lobanov
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Effect of coronavirus disease-2019 infection on left atrial functions
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Concerns regarding COVID-19 outbreak among healthcare workers
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Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research.2022; : 325. CrossRef
Evaluation of fatigue and sleep problems in cabin crews during the early COVID-19 pandemic period
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Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2022; 50: 102430. CrossRef
Public use of ‘Your COVID Recovery®’ a website designed to help individuals manage their COVID recovery: Observational study (Preprint)
Molly M Baldwin, Enya Daynes, Emma Chaplin, Amye Goddard, Phoebe HI Lloyd-Evans, George Mills, Annabel Hong, Nikki Gardiner, Sally J Singh
JMIR Formative Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in the French overseas department Mayotte, 2020 to 2021
Marion Subiros, Charlotte Robert De Latour, Fanny Parenton, Ibtissame Soulaimana, Youssouf Hassani, Renaud Blondé, François Pousset, Yvonnick Boué, Camille Estagnasie, Gonzague Martin-Lecamp, Abdoulahy Diallo, Lucas Balloy, Mohamadou Niang, Christophe Car
Eurosurveillance.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Study of anxiety and job burnout, and awareness among young anesthetists during COVID‐19 pandemic
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Ibrain.2022; 8(3): 338. CrossRef
Nanoemulsion as an Effective Inhibitor of Biofilm-forming Bacterial Associated Drug Resistance: An Insight into COVID Based Nosocomial Infections
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Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2022; 27(4): 543. CrossRef
Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia
Yujia Zhan, Honghua Yue, Weitao Liang, Zhong Wu
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2022; 9(9): 292. CrossRef
Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Measures Implemented in the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania
Nenssy Georgiana Horga, Daniela Cirnatu, Nilima Rajpal Kundnani, Elena Ciurariu, Simona Parvu, Andrei Lucas Ignea, Claudia Borza, Abhinav Sharma, Stelian Morariu
Healthcare.2022; 10(9): 1756. CrossRef
Study of the Side Effects of Pfizer and Oxford COVID-19 Vaccines in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Maha Farhat, Rabab Al-Ibrahim, Abrar Almohammedali, Roaa Aljishi, Baneen Alalwan
International Journal of General Medicine.2022; Volume 15: 7547. CrossRef
Nurse scheduling in COVID‐19‐designated hospitals in China: A nationwide cross‐sectional survey
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Editorial: “Source-tracking,” molecular epidemiology and antigenic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infections causing coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19
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Frontiers in Genetics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 variants: Impact on biological and clinical outcome
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Combating Coronavirus Using Resonant Electromagnetic Irradiation
Khalil H. Sayidmarie, Beadaa Mohammed, Asmaa J. Mohammed, Amin Abbosh
IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology.2022; 6(4): 477. CrossRef
A SURVEY ON HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES LEARNT FROM COVID19 PANDEMIC BY URBAN POPULATION IN WEST INDIA
Preeti Srivastava
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2022; : 57. CrossRef
A Narrative Review of Innovative Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020
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International Journal of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety of Covid-19 vaccines: one-year post-marketing analysis
Denitsa Panayotova, Antonio Ivanov, Ines Hababa, Maria Dimitrova, Ilko Getov
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2022; 68(03): 487. CrossRef
COVID-19 Vaccine–Related Information on WeChat Public Platform: Topic Modeling and Content Analysis (Preprint)
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Journal of Medical Internet Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Provision of Disrupted Essential Health Services during COVID-19 Pandemic in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Third Phase of National Mobilization against COVID-19
Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi, Ardeshir Khosravi, Alireza Raeisi, Amin Ataey, Azizolah Atefi, Babak Farrokhi, Hossein Kazemeini, Elaheh Koosha, Azadeh Dormiani, Elham Rashidian
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Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study
Sefater Gbashi, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Wesley Doorsamy, Patrick Berka Njobeh
JMIR Medical Informatics.2021; 9(3): e22916. CrossRef
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of an Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in Healthy Adults
Yanchun Che, Xiaoqiang Liu, Yi Pu, Meijian Zhou, Zhimei Zhao, Ruiju Jiang, Zhifang Yin, Mingjue Xu, Qiongzhou Yin, Jianfeng Wang, Jing Pu, Heng Zhao, Ying Zhang, Lichun Wang, Ya Jiang, Jin Lei, Yan Zheng, Yun Liao, Runxiang Long, Li Yu, Pingfang Cui, Huij
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Clinical Characterization of Patients With COVID-19 in Primary Care in Catalonia: Retrospective Observational Study
Miguel Angel Mayer, Josep Vidal-Alaball, Anna Puigdellívol-Sánchez, Francesc X Marín Gomez, Angela Leis, Jacobo Mendioroz Peña
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2021; 7(2): e25452. CrossRef
Health Centers’ Preparedness for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020
Fanos Yeshanew Ayele, Aregash Abebayehu Zerga, Fentaw Tadese
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2021; Volume 14: 887. CrossRef
The Australian response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A co-ordinated and effective strategy
Anthony Holley, Nick Coatsworth, Jeffrey Lipman
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine.2021; 40(2): 100859. CrossRef
Characteristics of immune induction by transcutaneous vaccination using dissolving microneedle patches in mice
Sachiko Hirobe, Ryo Susai, Honoka Takeuchi, Ryosuke Eguchi, Sayami Ito, Ying-Shu Quan, Fumio Kamiyama, Naoki Okada
International Journal of Pharmaceutics.2021; 601: 120563. CrossRef
YouTube Videos and Informed Decision-Making About COVID-19 Vaccination: Successive Sampling Study
Charles E Basch, Corey H Basch, Grace C Hillyer, Zoe C Meleo-Erwin, Emily A Zagnit
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2021; 7(5): e28352. CrossRef
Respuestas psicológicas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia por COVID-19 en estudiantes mexicanos
Blanca Estela Barcelata-Eguiarte, Raquel Rodríguez Alcántara, Fátima González Medina
Revista Mexicana de Orientación Educativa.2021; : 1. CrossRef
Effect of COVID 19 Pandemic on Stroke Care and Admission - Single Centre Study
Mosab Alguthmi, Mahmoud Alshanqiti, Mohammed Almansour, Mohammed Saeed Alqahtani, Muhannad Asiri, Saeed Alzahrani, Sasho Stoleski
Journal of Neurological Research and Therapy.2021; 3(3): 26. CrossRef
Frequency of Ophthalmological Findings in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
Shayan Iqbal Khan, FNU Versha , Pooja Bai, Parkash Bachani , Muhammad Umair Nawaz, Love Kumar, Sidra Naz, Maha Jahangir, Faizan Shaukat
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Changes in the soundscape of Girona during the COVID lockdown
Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès, Pau Bergadà, Carme Martínez-Suquía
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.2021; 149(5): 3416. CrossRef
The first Chinese national standards for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody
Lidong Guan, Yuanling Yu, Xiaohong Wu, Jianhui Nie, Jun Zhang, Zejun Wang, Na Li, Rui Shi, Hui Zhao, Hongbo Chen, Chunxia Luo, Yaling Hu, Youchun Wang, Weijin Huang, Miao Xu, Jifeng Hou
Vaccine.2021; 39(28): 3724. CrossRef
Emerging Infection, Vaccination, and Guillain–Barré Syndrome: A Review
Haruki Koike, Atsuro Chiba, Masahisa Katsuno
Neurology and Therapy.2021; 10(2): 523. CrossRef
Improvement of the Pre-Analytical Phase of Nasopharyngeal Samples During the COVID 19 Pandemic: Experience of the Institute Pasteur De Côte d’Ivoire in 2020

International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Impacts of the COVID‐19 epidemic on the department of stomatology in a tertiary hospital: A case study in the General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
Qingshan Dong, Angelica Kuria, Yanming Weng, Yu Liu, Yang Cao
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology.2021; 49(6): 557. CrossRef
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits at a Canadian Academic Tertiary Care Center
Edmund Kwok, Glenda Clapham, Samantha Calder-Sprackman
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.2021; 22(4): 851. CrossRef
Precautionary proportionality principle as an instrumental preventive measure from the COVID-19: Can European human rights survive in the state of public health emergency?
Jizeng Fan, Yuhong Wang
Przegląd Europejski.2021; (1-2021): 117. CrossRef
COVID-19: more than a respiratory virus, an optical coherence tomography study
Esra Dag Seker, Inci Elif Erbahceci Timur
International Ophthalmology.2021; 41(11): 3815. CrossRef
A Virtual Reality-Based Self-Help Intervention for Dealing with the Psychological Distress Associated with the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Effectiveness Study with a Two-Week Follow-Up
Giuseppe Riva, Luca Bernardelli, Gianluca Castelnuovo, Daniele Di Lernia, Cosimo Tuena, Alex Clementi, Elisa Pedroli, Clelia Malighetti, Francesca Sforza, Brenda K. Wiederhold, Silvia Serino
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 8188. CrossRef
Predicted Impact of Vaccination and Active Case Finding Measures to Control Epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Migrant-Populated Area in Thailand
Rapeepong Suphanchaimat, Natthaprang Nittayasoot, Panithee Thammawijaya, Pard Teekasap, Kumnuan Ungchusak
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2021; Volume 14: 3197. CrossRef
Data Anonymization for Pervasive Healthcare: A Systematic Mapping Study (Preprint)
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JMIR Medical Informatics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A comparison of four commercially available RNA extraction kits for wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a college population
Megan O'Brien, Zachary C. Rundell, Michelle D. Nemec, Laura M. Langan, Jeffrey A. Back, Joaquin N. Lugo
Science of The Total Environment.2021; 801: 149595. CrossRef
COVID-19 transport restrictions in Ireland: impact on air quality and respiratory hospital admissions
K.I. Quintyne, C. Kelly, A. Sheridan, P. Kenny, M. O'Dwyer
Public Health.2021; 198: 156. CrossRef
The impact of COVID-19 on the injury pattern for maxillofacial fracture in Daegu city, South Korea
Dong-Woo Lee, So-Young Choi, Jin-wook Kim, Tae-Geon Kwon, Sung-Tak Lee
Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunological evaluation of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in rhesus macaques
Hongbo Chen, Zhongping Xie, Runxiang Long, Shengtao Fan, Heng Li, Zhanlong He, Kangwei Xu, Yun Liao, Lichun Wang, Ying Zhang, Xueqi Li, Xingqi Dong, Tangwei Mou, Xiaofang Zhou, Yaoyun Yang, Lei Guo, Jianbo Yang, Huiwen Zheng, Xingli Xu, Jing Li, Yan Liang
Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development.2021; 23: 108. CrossRef
Role of fatty liver in coronavirus disease 2019 patients’ disease severity and hospitalization length: a case–control study
Arash Ziaee, Ghodsiyeh Azarkar, Masood Ziaee
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Examining the Utility of Social Media in COVID-19 Vaccination: Unsupervised Learning of 672,133 Twitter Posts (Preprint)
Tau Ming Liew, Cia Sin Lee
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Retinal vessels modifications in acute and post-COVID-19
Alessandro Invernizzi, Marco Schiuma, Salvatore Parrulli, Alessandro Torre, Federico Zicarelli, Valeria Colombo, Sara Marini, Elena Villella, Alice Bertoni, Spinello Antinori, Giuliano Rizzardini, Massimo Galli, Luca Meroni, Andrea Giacomelli, Giovanni St
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Figure

WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak

Figure 1. Evolution of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. WHO, World Health Organization; PHEIC, Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Modified from WHO. Global research and innovation forum to mobilize international action in response to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergency [3].

Figure 1.

WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak