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Persistence of vaccine-induced antibodies to A/H5N1 at 30 months and 36 months after vaccination in Vietnam
Chien Vien Chinh, Viet Phu Quoc, Loc Huynh Tan, Duoc Nguyen Van, Thai Pham Quang, Be Le Van
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021076.   Published online October 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021076
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
An A/H5N1 vaccine (IVACFLU-A/H5N1) was accepted for use in Vietnam; however, antibody persistence after vaccination has not been well characterized. We examined post-vaccination antibody persistence and related risk factors in individuals enrolled in the phase II IVACFLU-A/ H5N1 vaccine trial in Ninh Hoa, Vietnam, who received a 15-μg dose (2 injections 21 days apart).
METHODS
We used a longitudinal study design to follow 86 participants, without a control group. The participants tested as anti-A/H5N1 immunoglobulin G seronegative at baseline and received both doses of the vaccine. Blood was drawn at 30 months and 36 months after the complete vaccination to assess antibody status. Antibody persistence status was compared by demographic characteristics and exposure risk factors using univariate logistic regression.
RESULTS
In total, 84.9% and 52.3% of the population showed persistence of at least 1/10 of the A/H5N1 antibodies at 30 months and 36 months after IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccination, respectively. The odds of antibody persistence were higher in older people, but lower in people who had experienced flu-like symptoms in the past 18 months or between 2 visits. We recorded no differences between A/H5N1 antibody persistence and exposure risk factors, including having a poultry farm, coming into contact with poultry, and slaughtering and processing poultry.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated noteworthy antibody persistence, indicated by the seroconversion rate and geometric mean titer at 30 months and 36 months after the IVACFLU-A/H5N1 vaccine. Further studies should investigate older people and those who experienced flu-like symptoms to determine a suitable time for a booster shot.
Summary
Key Message
A longitudinal un-controlled study followed participants enrolled in the phase II IVACFLU-A/ H5N1 vaccine trial in Ninh Hoa, Vietnam. The participants tested for anti-A/H5N1 IgG at baseline, 30 months, and 36 months after the complete vaccination to assess antibody status. 84.9% and 52.3% of the population have persistence of at least 1/10 of the A/H5N1 antibodies at 30 months and 36 months, respectively. Antibody persistence was higher in older people but lower in people who had experienced flu-like symptoms in the past or between 2 visits. The result can interpret that remarkable antibody persistence long after vaccination.
The coverage rates for influenza vaccination and related factors in Korean adults aged 50 and older with chronic disease: based on 2016 Community Health Survey data
Kyeong Hyang Byeon, Jaiyong Kim, Boyoung Choi, Bo Youl Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018034.   Published online July 24, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018034
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  • 11 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to identify the coverage rates for influenza vaccination and related factors depending on chronic disease in Korean adults aged 50 and older.
METHODS
The 2016 Korea Community Health Survey was used for analysis. Chi-square test was performed to investigate the coverage rates for influenza vaccination depending on chronic disease, and a multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with influenza vaccination, by chronic disease.
RESULTS
In men with ≥1 chronic disease, 39.8% of 50-64 years of age, and 86.8% of elderly (over 65 years of age) received influenza vaccination. In women with ≥1 chronic disease, 58.7% of 50-64 years of age, and 89.9% of elderly (over 65 years of age) received influenza vaccination (p<0.001). The chronic diseases associated with influenza vaccination were hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 1.37), diabetes (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.55) in men aged 50-64, hypertension (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.49), diabetes (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.33), chronic cardiovascular disease (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.60) in elderly (over 65 years of age). In women aged 50-64, hypertension (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.49), diabetes (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.35 to 1.68), chronic cardiovascular disease (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.64), and hypertension (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.40 to 1.71), diabetes (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.43) in elderly (over 65 years of age).
CONCLUSIONS
Populations in aged 50-64 are recommendation subject for vaccination or classified as high-risk group in case with chronic disease. Though subject over 60 years old is age close to the elderly, the coverage rates for vaccination was low. It is necessary to devise strategies to raise the coverage rates for vaccination.
Summary
Korean summary
매년 인플루엔자 환자수는 증가하는 추세이며 인플루엔자로 인한 의료이용의 질병부담은 커질 것으로 생각된다. 국내에서는 우선접종 권장대상자들에게 예방접종을 받도록 권고하고 있으며, 예방접종은 인플루엔자를 예방할 수 있는 비용 효과적인 방법이다. 65세 이상 대상자는 국가 무료 예방접종 사업 대상으로 인해 예방접종률이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 50-64세 인구는 예방접종 권고 대상자임에도 불구하고 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 50-64세 연령에서 만성질환을 동반할 경우 고위험군이지만 여전히 낮은 예방접종률을 보였다. 또한 50-64세 연령에서 1개 이상 만성질환을 동반할 경우 대도시, 중소도시에 거주하는 것보다 군지역에 거주할 경우 높은 예방접종률을 확인함으로써 대도시 및 중소도시에 거주하는 50-64세 연령에 대해 예방접종률을 올릴 수 있는 적극적인 예방접종 홍보가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

Citations

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  • All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Attributable to Seasonal Influenza: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study
    Heeseon Jang, Jaelim Cho, Seong-Kyung Cho, Donghan Lee, Sung-il Cho, Sang-Baek Koh, Dong-Chun Shin, Changsoo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Min Joo Choi, Gyeongseon Shin, Daewon Kang, Jae-Ok Lim, Yun-Kyung Kim, Won Suk Choi, Jae-Won Yun, Ji Yun Noh, Joon Young Song, Woo Joo Kim, Sang-Eun Choi, Hee Jin Cheong
    Vaccines.2022; 10(3): 445.     CrossRef
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    Leena Almasri, Barbara J. Holtzclaw
    Western Journal of Nursing Research.2022; 44(6): 582.     CrossRef
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    Amanda L. Eiden, Jane Barratt, Mawuli K. Nyaku
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors associated with influenza vaccination coverage and willingness in the elderly with chronic diseases in Shenzhen, China
    Hongbiao Chen, Qiushuang Li, Minyi Zhang, Zihao Gu, Xiaofeng Zhou, He Cao, Fei Wu, Minyi Liang, Liting Zheng, Juxian Xian, Qing Chen, Qihui Lin
    Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Regina Roller-Wirnsberger, Sonja Lindner, Lea Kolosovski, Elisabeth Platzer, Peter Dovjak, Holger Flick, Chariklia Tziraki, Maddalena Illario
    Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2021; 33(8): 2123.     CrossRef
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    Yeojoo Chae, Sunjoo Kim, Seungkyoung Yang
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 64.     CrossRef
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    Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio, Francisco M. Martínez-Villa, Nidia Leon-Sicairos, Hector Flores-Villaseñor, Jorge Velazquez-Roman, Abraham Campos-Romero, Jonathan Alcántar-Fernández, Francisco Urrea, Secundino Muro-Amador, Julio Medina-Serrano, Jesus J. Martinez
    Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Older Adults with Hypertension in Shenzhen, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Qiushuang Li, Minyi Zhang, Hongbiao Chen, Fei Wu, Juxian Xian, Liting Zheng, Minyi Liang, He Cao, Xiaofeng Zhou, Zihao Gu, Qihui Lin, Qing Chen
    Vaccines.2021; 9(10): 1105.     CrossRef
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    Sun Hee Park, Mi Suk Lee, Sung Ran Kim, Yee Gyung Kwak
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mark Christopher Arokiaraj
    SSRN Electronic Journal .2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mark Christopher Arokiaraj
    SSRN Electronic Journal .2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mark Christopher Arokiaraj
    Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Linda Sanftenberg, Felix Brombacher, Jörg Schelling, Stefanie J. Klug, Jochen Gensichen
    Deutsches Ärzteblatt international.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Influenza A (H1N1) Cases during the 2009 Pandemic in Korea
Jun Kil Choi, Sang Won Lee, Bo Youl Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012009.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012009
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Quarantine measure for prevention of epidemic disease and further evaluations of their efficiency are possible only by elaborating analyses of imported cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptive epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases imported to Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>We collected two sets of data. The first set, comprised daily reported cases of H1N1 obtained from local cities in accordance with government policy about mandatory reporting of all H1N1 cases during May 1 to August 19, 2009. The second set, including 372 confirmed imported H1N1 cases, identified from 13 National Quarantine Stations in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from May 24 to December 31, 2009. However, given the lack of information on the nature of the imported H1N1 cases from the two data sets during the over lapping period from May 24 to August 19, we express the number of imported cases as a range for this period.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>We estimated that the number of imported H1N1 cases from May 1 to August 19, 2009, was between 1,098 and 1,291 and the total number of cases was 2,409 to 2,580. We found the number of imported cases was beginning to diminish as of August. A analysis of the second data set showed that the distribution of sex was similar (males 50.7%, females 49.3%) and the age distribution from 20 to 59 was 61.5% and that of 60 and over was 0.8% of the 372 cases. We identified 25 countries where people infected with H1N1 traveled and 67.5% were in Asia. But the proportion of cases (/1,000) by region shows Oceania (0.199), South America (0.118), Southeast Asia (0.071), North America (0.049), Europe (0.035), and Northeast Asia (0.016) in that order. The order of H1N1 peaking was the Southern Hemisphere, Tropics, and the Nothern Hemisphere.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>This study provided information that could make possible the evaluation of the government quarantine measure for stopping imported disease from causing community-acquired spread in the future.</p></sec>
Summary

Citations

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  • Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea
    Won Mo Jang, Deok Hyun Jang, Jin Yong Lee
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
Case Report
In-Flight Transmission of Novel Influenza A (H1N1)
Joon Hyung Kim, Dong-Han Lee, Sang-Sook Shin, Chun Kang, Jin Seok Kim, Byung Yool Jun, Jong-Koo Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010006.   Published online May 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010006
  • 15,187 View
  • 104 Download
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<p>The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed two patients, who had taken the same plane from Los Angeles to Seoul, with novel influenza A (H1N1). Through contact tracing, we concluded that the second patient was infected during the flight.</p>
Summary

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    Epidemiology.2016; 27(5): 743.     CrossRef
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Review
A review of mathematical models and strategies for Pandemic Influenza Control.
Seong Sun Kim, Sang Won Lee, Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):156-167.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.156
  • 65,535 View
  • 62 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Despite many countries' current effort to make mathematical models for pandemic influenza (PI) and predict the impact of an outbreak, natural history of PI is remains incomplete, so that any assumption or model is unable to completely predict the impact. Our objective is to review and summarize previous studies on parameters and models of PI, and to make suggestions for the controls in order to decrease the impact of PI. We searched PubMed to retrieve literature about the PI model systematically . Reference lists and review papers on the topic were searched, as well. We found 35 articles that examined the PI model over the period of May 2003 to August 2008. We reviewed modelling methods that were focused on the PI, and their parameters i.e. latent period, and basic reproductive number (R0). Then, we summarized PI controls: antivirals, vaccines, and social distancing. Recent studies showed with mathematical models that Targeted Antiviral Prophylaxis (TAP) is the best strategy for containing PI at the source. In case of an outbreak, quick measures of social distancing, including therapeutic and prophylatic antiviral for cases and closing contacts - school closure, workplace closure, border quarantine, and home isolation - were found to be most effective. We reviewed strengths and weaknesses of models that are adaptable in Korea, and summarized their parameters. It is our hope that these strategies with various interventions give important information for future preparation for and response to PI in Korea.
Summary

Citations

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  • Stochastic methods for epidemic models: An application to the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in Korea
    Hyojung Lee, Sunmi Lee, Chang Hyeong Lee
    Applied Mathematics and Computation.2016; 286: 232.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Epidemic modeling and Table-top Exercise for Emerging Infectious Diseases in Korea.
Byung Chul Chun
Korean J Epidemiol. 2006;28(1):47-63.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Understanding the spread of infections is of vital importance in the control of epidemics and the development of proper policies toprevent infectious diseases. Theory and techniques have been developed for the study of both the evolution of diseases with individual people and the transmission of infections through populations. From broad theoretical issues to specific practical problems, the mathematical modeling studies of infectious diseases have provided great insight to solve the mechanisms of disease spread and to predict the course of epidemics. Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases have attracted widespread concern in Korea. While preparing the influenza pandemic plan in 2004, we developed a model of the new influenza pandemic to estimate the number of cases and deaths, the shortage of medical resources, and the effect of interventions such as isolation and vaccination. Based on this model, we constructed a possible pandemic scenario of the emerging virus, and designed a table-top exercise for public health officials and related administration staff. On March 30th, 2005, the exercise was performed and the results were evaluated as successful. In the case of bioterrorism, a model of small pox epidemic was developed in 2005 to examine the speed of the disease spread in the population and to evaluate the intervention effects in a Korean city. The simulation results were also helpful to form a guideline to prepare for a small pox epidemic. These two experiments confirmed the usefulness of epidemic modeling in Korea.
Summary
Control of Avian Influenza: Calls for International Collaboration.
Baik Lin Seong, Eun Ju Jung
Korean J Epidemiol. 2006;28(1):36-40.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
The 1918 "Spanish Flu", cause of the largest causality rate ever recorded in human history with 50 million deaths, is genetically related to the current H5N1 virus, suggesting the potential emergence of H5N1 influenza as the next pandemic wave. In the process of co-infection and genetic reassortment of human and H5N1 avian influenza, the H5N1 strain could acquire human viral gene(s) to ignite the human to human spread, as occurred in 1957 and 1976 pandemics. All countries are vulnerable to infection as no effective vaccine has yet been developed for avian influenza. Once developed into a pandemic, the socio-economic impact of avian influenza would be enormous. In response to this danger, Korea recently proposed to establish an international consortium, the Pandemic Influenza Consortium, Korea (PICK), to emphasize close collaboration, especially among Pacific Rim countries. PICK proposes to support the following three areas: 1) international efforts in the implementation of national and regional preparedness plans through the development of epidemiological, microbiological and clinical tools and mechanisms for early detection of pandemic influenza epidemics, 2) the development and clinical evaluation of pandemic influenza candidate vaccine, and 3) the establishment of appropriate mechanisms to ensure the capacity to produce, the availability of supply, and the rational distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines to countries suffering from or at high risk of experiencing outbreaks. Finally, the effort is expected to serve as a basis for initiating, establishing and strengthening the international infrastructure for investigation of the infection mechanism and devising prophylactic and therapeutic responses to various infectious diseases.
Summary
Review
Epidemiology and Prevention Strategies of Avian Influenza.
Byung chul Chun, Jae hong Kim, Yoon jung Lee, Kang Chun, Hyun mee Kim, Young kuk Kwon, Jun gu Choi, Eun kyoung Lee, Choi kyu Park, Sung hwan Wee, Soon ja Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2005;27(1):90-107.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Natural infections with influenza A viruses have been reported in a variety of animal species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds. Although viruses of relatively few haemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. During the past few years, several subtypes of avian influenza A have been shown to cross the species barrier and infect humans. During an outbreak of a highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus among poultry in Hong Kong in 1997, 6 of 18 people with confirmed infection died. And a total of 89 human infections with influenza A(H7N7), including 1 resulting in the death of a Dutch veterinarian, occurred during the extensive outbreak in 2003. During late 2003 and early 2004, there were reports of large outbreaks of H5N1 among poultry throughout Asia (including Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and China). In Korea, we had also highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) outbreak in 2003~2004 with a first suspected case reported on 10 December 2003. The case was reported at a parent stock farm for broilers, which was located in Chungbuk province, and the farm was immediately placed under movement restrictions. Laboratory tests confirmed the outbreak of HPAI on 12 December 2003. Up to 20 March 2004, a total of 19 farms were confirmed as having been infected with HPAI virus. No further outbreaks occurred after that date. Fortunately there were no human cases founded in this epidemic in Korea. In January 2004, there was confirmation that influenza A(H5N1) virus had been isolated from patients who had died of a respiratory illness in Vietnam. Total 107 human confirmed cases were reported until June 2005 to WHO, threatening new pandemic outbreak. We reviewed our prevention and control strategies of avian influenza and preparedness to the pandemic outbreak.
Summary
Original Articles
Status on Influenza Vaccination in Some Community Health Centers.
Hyun Sul Lim, Geun Ryang Bae, Young Sun Min, Young Taek Kim, Yeon Kyeng Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2004;26(2):62-70.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to improve the Korean influenza management system and to determine the status of influenza vaccination in some community health centers through a survey of the officers in charge of influenza vaccination.
METHODS
The authors conducted a questionnaire survey by e-mail for the officers in charge of influenza vaccination of 8 community health centers in Daegu-si, 5 community health centers in Ulsan-si and 25 community health centers in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The authors developed a questionnaire including selection methods of the influenza vaccination objects, results of influenza vaccination in 2002, problems of influenza vaccination, the population within the respondents`jurisdiction and so on.
RESULTS
The proportion of influenza vaccination at community health centers among all residents in the 2002-2003 influenza season was 3.8% in Daegu-si, 14.8% in Ulsan-si, 15.1% in urban Gyeongsangbuk-do and 24.9% in rural Gyeongsangbuk-do. The proportion of influenza vaccination at community health centers among priority cases for vaccination was 12.9% in Daegu-si, 43.1% in Ulsan-si, 39.3% in urban Gyeongsangbuk and 41.6% in rural Gyeongsangbuk-do. The officers in charge of influenza vaccination stated that the problems of influenza vaccination were deficiencies in preparatory examination such as manpower shortage. Twenty-five persons stated as a problem that influenza vaccinations conducted in the hospitals were hardly reported, and fifteen of these clarified that this was due to hospital indifference.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors examined all community health centers of Daegu-si, Ulsan-si, and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and investigated the vaccination states and problems that health officers were dealing with. Therefore, this study is meaningful with its basic data for the management of domestic influenza vaccination.
Summary
Isolation and Identification of Respiratory Disease Virus in Pusan, 1998-1999.
Kyung Soon Cho, Myung Ju Jung
Korean J Epidemiol. 1999;21(2):220-226.
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Abstract
This study was performed to monitor the causative agent of patient with respiratory disease in Pusan, 1998-1999. The results obtained were as follows. Among 1,320 cases of specimens from throat swab, influenzavirus infections were detected 232(89.6%), adenovirus infections were in 14(5.4%), coxsackievirus infections were in 11(4.2%), and echovirus infections were in 2(0.8%). The 222 strains out of 232 strains of influenzavirus showed A-type and the rest of them represented B-type. The distribution for sex- and age-groups is as follows. The male distribution was similar to the female distribution: male distribution, 47.1% and female distribution, 52.9%. Most of the patients was less than 10 years old. The monthly influenza distribution was consistent from Dec. 1998 to Apr. 1999. The 113 strains from the A-type isolates was A/Sydney/05/97(H3N2)-like, the 109 strains A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like, and all of the 10 B-type isolates B/Harbin/07/94-like. Electron micrograph of negative-stained showed about 95 nm and about 71 nm with influenzavirus and adenovirus, respectively. Coxsackievirus and echovirus showed non-enveloped, isometric particle of about 30 nm diameter.
Summary
Preventive Efficacy of Influenza Vaccination against to Influenza-like Illness among Eldery.
Byung Chul Chun, Heung Jeong Woo, Seung Chul Park
Korean J Epidemiol. 1999;21(2):205-219.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND
Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness. The epidemics of influenza occur from the late fall to the early spring nearly every year and are responsible for several hundred thousand death per year all over the world. Influenza vaccine is the primary method for preventing influenza and its more severe complications. The efficacy of influenza vaccination have been well known in developed countries. The influenza vaccination has been recommended as one of the tentative immunization schedule for indicated persons since 1997 in Korea. But there are still no available data about them, even though nearly 5 - 8 million doses of influenza vaccine were used in a winter season. PURPOSE: To assess the clinical efficacy of influenza vaccine against influenza-like illness(ILI) among Korean elderly(age over 65).
METHODS
Primary study design - a prospective field trial. Study subjects and method - We prospectively observed the 1,488 vaccinee and 1,425 non-vaccinee in a community(Nonsan city) from November 1 1998 to March 31 1999. The vaccinee were those who randomly selected 100-200 per 13 sub-region(Myon) in Nonsan city, and the non-vaccinee were those who had not vaccinated until January 1999 among the Nonsan city elderly cohort. This cohort was consisted of 5,787 elderly(over 1/3 of total elderly population) who had ever visited the community health center or 13 public health offices in Nonsan city in 1998. We followed up these two groups two times-in January and April 1999 - by telephone survey. The questionnaire included the questions about the health behaviors, medical history, socioeconomic condition, medical security type, physical function status, medical facility utilization in the season, symptom and signs of influenza-like illness, number and type of the flu, hospitalization or not. We did throat swap to isolate the virus of 490 patient who had influenza -like symptoms in the same period.
RESULTS
Influenza vaccination was significantly reduced the incidence of influenza -like illness(fever or chilling sensation and cough or sore throat) in the vaccinated. The preventive effect of influenza-like illness among influenza risk group was about 32%(95% CI, 20%-44%). The illness duration of main symptoms of influenza-like illness(fever, cough) was significantly shorter in the vaccinee. The consistency of the survey was noted quite high from the analysis of the result of test-retest(104 person).
CONCLUSION
Influenza vaccination significantly reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness(32%) among elderly.
Summary

Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health