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The effect of smoking on lung cancer: ethnic differences and the smoking paradox
Keum Ji Jung, Christina Jeon, Sun Ha Jee
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016060.   Published online December 20, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016060
  • 26,656 View
  • 657 Download
  • 49 Web of Science
  • 38 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
The objectives of this review were to determine whether the smoking paradox still exists and to summarize possible explanations for the smoking paradox. Based on published data, we compared the risk of cigarette smoking for lung cancer in Western and Asian countries. We extracted data from the relevant studies about annual tobacco consumption, lung cancer mortality rates according to smoking status from each country, and possible explanations for the smoking paradox. A significantly greater risk of lung cancer death was found among current smokers in Asian countries than among nonsmokers, with relative risks (RRs) of 4.0 to 4.6 for Koreans, 3.7 to 5.1 for Japanese, and 2.4 to 6.5 for Chinese. Although a significantly greater risk of lung cancer was present among current smokers in Asian countries, the RRs in Asian countries were much lower than those reported in Western countries (range, 9.4 to 23.2). Possible explanations for the smoking paradox included epidemiologic characteristics, such as the smoking amount, age at smoking initiation, and the use of filtered or mild tobacco. The smoking paradox definitely exists, but may be explained by major epidemiologic characteristics. Therefore, the smoking paradox should not be interpreted as indicating that tobacco is safer or less harmful for Asians.
Summary
Korean summary
흡연이 폐암에 미치는 관련성의 인종 차이 흡연은 폐암의 가장 큰 원인으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 흡연이 폐암에 미치는 관련성의 크기는 영국, 미국 등 서양에서 발표된 연구결과에서 10-20배 정도로 보고되고 있으나 한국, 일본, 중국 등 동양에서 발표된 연구에서 3-5배 정도로 낮게 보고되고 있다. 이러한 차이는 흡연유행, 담배성분, 흡연자 특성, 그리고 유전적인 차이로 일부 설명되고 있으나 아직 완전히 이해되어진 상태는 아니다. 이는 공중보건학적으로 매우 중요한 의미를 가지므로 동서양의 직접적인 비교연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Citations

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Brief Communication
Incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer in Malaysia
Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan, Ibtisam Ismail, Mohd Azri Mohd Suan, Faizah Ahmad, Wan Khamizar Wan Khazim, Zabedah Othman, Rosaida Mat Said, Wei Leong Tan, Siti Rahmah @ Noor Syahireen Mohammed, Shahrul Aiman Soelar, Nik Raihan Nik Mustapha
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016007.   Published online March 9, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016007
  • 27,441 View
  • 574 Download
  • 27 Web of Science
  • 25 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This is the first study that estimates the incidence and mortality rate for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in Malaysia by sex and ethnicity.
METHODS
The 4,501 patients were selected from National Cancer Patient Registry-Colorectal Cancer data. Patient survival status was cross-checked with the National Registration Department. The age-standardised rate (ASR) was calculated as the proportion of CRC cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from 2008 to 2013, weighted by the age structure of the population, as determined by the Department of Statistics Malaysia and the World Health Organization world standard population distribution.
RESULTS
The overall incidence rate for CRC was 21.32 cases per 100,000. Those of Chinese ethnicity had the highest CRC incidence (27.35), followed by the Malay (18.95), and Indian (17.55) ethnicities. The ASR incidence rate of CRC was 1.33 times higher among males than females (24.16 and 18.14 per 100,000, respectively). The 2011 (44.7%) CRC deaths were recorded. The overall ASR of mortality was 9.79 cases, with 11.85 among the Chinese, followed by 9.56 among the Malays and 7.08 among the Indians. The ASR of mortality was 1.42 times higher among males (11.46) than females (8.05).
CONCLUSIONS
CRC incidence and mortality is higher in males than females. Individuals of Chinese ethnicity have the highest incidence of CRC, followed by the Malay and Indian ethnicities. The same trends were observed for the age-standardised mortality rate.
Summary

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