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1 "Shahla Kakoei"
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Original Article
The effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between smoking and dry mouth in Iran: a cross-sectional, case-control study
Shahla Kakoei, Amir Hossein Nekouei, Sina Kakooei, Hamid Najafipour
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021017.   Published online February 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021017
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  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The effect of age, sex, and other demographic factors on the relationship between smoking and dry mouth remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of demographic characteristics on the relationship between dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, and smoking.
METHODS
This case-control study included 5,640 randomly-selected subjects from the second phase of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study, which observed 10,000 participants from 2014 to 2018. A checklist was used to record the participants’ demographic characteristics and smoking frequency. Each participant completed a six-item Fox questionnaire to measure dry mouth as a dependent variable. The interaction terms of daily cigarette smoking with sex, age, educational level, and marital status were entered into the model. Non-significant terms were removed using hierarchical model selection.
RESULTS
Of the sample, 3,429 (60.8%) did not have dry mouth and were analyzed as controls, whereas 2,211 (39.2%) had xerostomia and were deemed to be cases. Smokers were more likely to have dry mouth in all ages and both sexes (p < 0.001). As male became older, the chance of having dry mouth increased more rapidly than among female smokers (p < 0.001). In addition, female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth than male smokers (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The likelihood of dry mouth among daily smokers depended on age and sex. Female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth, and its likelihood increased with age in daily smokers of both sexes, though more rapidly in males.
Summary
Key Message
The relationship between dry mouth as a distressing condition and smoking has been confirmed by many studies, but so far the severity and weakness of this relationship have not been studied in terms of demographic variables. We showed that the female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth. The chance of having dry mouth increase in a male smoker more than a female smoker as age increases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Evaluating the Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Heated Tobacco Products on Hard Dental Tissues: A Comparative Histological and Colorimetric Analysis
    Mahmoud Al Ankily, Fatma Makkeyah, Mahmoud M. Bakr, Mohamed Shamel
    Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The prevalence of xerostomia among e-cigarette or combustible tobacco users: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Xingtong Guo, Lili Hou, Xuepei Peng, Fuyou Tang
    Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(February): 1.     CrossRef
  • World Workshop on Oral Medicine VIII: Development of a core outcome set for dry mouth: a systematic review of outcome domains for xerostomia
    Paswach Wiriyakijja, Sven Eric Niklander, Alan Roger Santos-Silva, Michal Kuten Shorrer, Melanie Louise Simms, Alessandro Villa, Vidya Sankar, Alexander Ross Kerr, Richeal Ni Riordain, Siri Beier Jensen, Konstantina Delli
    Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2023; 135(6): 827.     CrossRef
  • Xerostomia as a key predictor of physical frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Japan: a five-year prospective cohort study from The Otassha Study
    Yuki Ohara, Masahori Iwasaki, Maki Shirobe, Hisashi Kawai, Ayako Edahiro, Keiko Motokawa, Yoshinori Fujiwara, Hunkyung Kim, Kazushige Ihara, Shuichi Obuchi, Yutaka Watanabe, Hirohiko Hirano
    Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2022; 99: 104608.     CrossRef
  • Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated with 131I
    Yan Cheng, Huimin Tong, Xiaoqian Li, Xiaomin Zhang, Ju Fang, Rongli Yue, Nan Huang, Jing Tian, Feiyan Yu, Ying Gao
    Nuclear Medicine Communications.2022; 43(9): 995.     CrossRef
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