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Original Article
Association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and risk of urticaria and allergic rhinitis in Korean children: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study
Young A Park, Hyemin Jang, Whanhee Lee, Jongmin Oh, Jung Won Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Jung Eun Choi, Rosie Lee, AiMS-CREATE, Ji Hyen Lee, Eun-Hee Ha
Epidemiol Health. 2026;48:e2026020.   Published online May 7, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2026020
  • 3,371 View
  • 104 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Exposure to air pollutants is well established as being associated with the development and exacerbation of asthma. However, relatively few studies have examined the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) exposure and the risk of urticaria and allergic rhinitis (AR). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between long-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and the risks of urticaria and AR.
METHODS
We analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort spanning 2002 to 2019. The cohort included individuals enrolled from birth and followed until the onset of urticaria or AR. Annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was estimated using validated machine learning–based prediction models with high spatial resolution across mainland Korea. At the initial healthcare visit, urticaria and AR were identified based on primary diagnostic codes from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures and confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risks associated with a 5 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration.
RESULTS
During follow-up, 364,227 individuals aged 0–18 years at enrollment were included, among whom 151,508 developed urticaria and 258,041 developed AR. The mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration at baseline was 29.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup> (standard deviation, 3.1). The HR per 5 μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration was 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03) for urticaria and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.07) for AR.
CONCLUSIONS
In this nationwide cohort, long-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> was associated with the incidence of urticaria and AR. These findings provide important evidence for strategies aimed at preventing urticaria and AR in children.
Summary
Korean summary
장기간 PM2.5 노출은 국내 소아·청소년의 두드러기 및 알레르기비염 발생 위험 증가와 관련이 있었다. 전국 단위 코호트 연구에서 PM2.5 노출이 높을수록 알레르기질환 발생 위험이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 소아 알레르기질환 예방을 위한 대기질 개선의 중요성을 시사한다.
Key Message
Long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risks of urticaria and allergic rhinitis in Korean children and adolescents. In this nationwide cohort study, higher PM2.5 exposure was consistently linked to a greater risk of developing allergic diseases. These findings underscore the importance of air quality improvement for the prevention of pediatric allergic diseases.

Citations

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  • The dual challenge of climate change in otolaryngology: Environmental impacts on airway diseases and emission reduction strategies in surgical care
    Nuray Bayar Muluk
    International Journal of Biometeorology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
Cohort Profile
Cohort profile: the KDCA-Tuberculosis-NHIS cohort linking tuberculosis surveillance and health insurance data in Korea
Dawoon Jeong, Jinsun Kim, Seung Won Lee, Hongjo Choi, Hojoon Sohn, Jieun Kim, Hyewon Lee, Hyeran Jeong, Seung Eun Lee, Young-joon Park, Jaiyong Kim, Eun Mi Kim, Minji Koo, Hoyeon Jang, Young Ae Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025071.   Published online December 13, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025071
  • 6,289 View
  • 112 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
Despite a steady decline in incidence, tuberculosis (TB) remains a substantial public health burden in Korea, particularly among older adults. Existing national TB surveillance systems lack sufficiently comprehensive data to assess long-term outcomes and health disparities. The K-TB-N cohort integrates data from 3 national sources: the Korean Tuberculosis Surveillance System (2011-2022), the National Health Insurance Database (2010-2022), and mortality data from Statistics Korea (2010-2022). After data cleaning and linkage, the final cohort included 373,812 patients (375,440 episodes) with either drug-susceptible TB or drug- resistant TB. TB notifications declined by approximately 60% over the study period, while the median patient age continued to rise. Treatment success improved over time, accompanied by reductions in lost to follow-up. However, mortality during treatment increased, with more than half of deaths attributed to non-TB causes such as pneumonia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Post-treatment mortality also remained high, particularly among patients with drug-resistant TB. The K-TB-N cohort provides a comprehensive, linked dataset for advancing research on TB epidemiology, treatment outcomes, comorbidities, and health disparities. It enables evaluations of public health interventions, long-term prognosis, and strategies for post-TB care. This cohort will remain a valuable resource for shaping data-driven TB control policies in aging and high-burden settings.
Summary
Korean summary
- K-TB-N 코호트는 결핵 신고자료, 건강보험청구자료, 통계청 사망자료를 연계한 국내 최초의 전국단위 결핵 통합자료 코호트이다. - 이 코호트를 결핵 치료 성과와 치료 종료 이후 사망을 포함한 장기예후 분석이 가능하다. - 코호트에 포함된 2011-2022년 사이, 결핵 발생은 60% 감소하였고, 결핵 환자의 평균 연령은 증가하였다. 결핵 치료 중 사망율은 증가하였는데, 사망원인의 50% 이상은 비결핵성 사망이었다.
Key Message
- The K-TB-N cohort is the first national-level integrated TB cohort in South Korea that combines three distinct datasets, overcoming the limitations of single-source TB registries. - The linkage of clinical data (KTB-Surv), health insurance claims (NHID), and mortality records (Statistics Korea) allows long-term tracking of treatment outcomes and post-treatment mortality. - TB notifications declined by ~60% during the study period, while the median patient age increased. - The mortality during TB treatment rose, with over half of deaths attributed to non-TB causes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Suicide risk in people with tuberculosis in Republic of Korea: a nationwide cohort, 2012–2021
    Chiwook Chung, Seung Won Lee, Dawoon Jeong, Hongjo Choi, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang
    Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical outcomes and recurrence after treatment of asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis: A nationwide cohort study
    Se Hyun Kwak, Hongjo Choi, Seung Won Lee, Dawoon Jeong, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2026; 169: 108805.     CrossRef
  • Context-dependent risk stratification using a tuberculin skin test induration threshold of ≥ 15 mm in school tuberculosis screening in Hangzhou, China: a historical cohort study
    Xiangjie Meng, Yin Tang, Jun Shou, Nan Jiang, Yu Zhang
    Tropical Medicine and Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
Homelessness and mortality: gender, age, and housing status inequity in Korea
Gum-Ryeong Park, Dawoon Jeong, Seung Won Lee, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang, Hongjo Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024076.   Published online September 12, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024076
  • 25,612 View
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We compared mortality rates among various housing statuses within the homeless population and investigated factors contributing to their deaths, including housing status, gender, and age.
METHODS
Using a comprehensive multi-year dataset (n=15,445) curated by the National Tuberculosis Screening and Case Management Programs, matched with the 2019-2021 Vital Statistics Death Database and National Health Insurance claims data, we calculated age-standardized mortality rates and conducted survival analysis to estimate differences in mortality rates based on housing status.
RESULTS
The mortality rate among the homeless population was twice as high as that of the general population, at 1,159.6 per 100,000 compared to 645.8 per 100,000, respectively. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases were the primary causes of death. Furthermore, individuals residing in shelter facilities faced a significantly higher risk of death than those who were rough sleeping, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 2.11). This increased risk was especially pronounced in older adults and women.
CONCLUSIONS
The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, as the homeless population faces significantly higher mortality rates. Older adults and women in shelter facilities are at the highest risk.
Summary
Korean summary
전체 인구의 사망률은 큰 폭으로 줄어들면서 홈리스와 전체 인구 간의 사망 불평등이 1.3배에서 1.8배로 증가했다. 특히 쪽방주민이나 거리 홈리스보다 시설 거주 홈리스의 사망 위험이 더 높았으며, 동일 조건하에서 거리 홈리스 대비 약 1.7배 높은 사망 위험을 보였다. 본 연구는 홈리스의 탈시설화를 촉진하는 정책 전환의 필요성을 시사한다.
Key Message
The mortality rate of the general population has significantly declined, leading to an increase in mortality inequality between the homeless and the general population from 1.3 to 1.8 times. In particular, the mortality risk for homeless individuals in facilities was higher than that of those living in jjokbang or on the streets. This study highlights the need for a policy shift to promote deinstitutionalization for the homeless population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Bezdomność w Polsce. Epidemiologiczne spojrzenie na przyczyny zgonów i implikacje zdrowotne (2015–2022)
    Jadwiga Duda, Igor Popiela, Karolina Dudzik, Aleksandra Adamus, Maciej Przygoda, Andrzej Kościsz, Tomasz Konopka
    Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie.2025; 23(1): 29.     CrossRef
Comparative analysis of body mass index and obesity-related anthropometric indices for mortality prediction: a study of the Namwon and Dong-gu cohort in Korea
Ye Rim Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Young-Hoon Lee, Seong-Woo Choi, Hae-Sung Nam, Jeong-Ho Yang, Sun-Seog Kweon
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024066.   Published online July 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024066
  • 20,642 View
  • 152 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the associations between several obesity-related anthropometric indices and mortality in middle-aged and elderly populations to compare the indices’ predictive ability with that of the body mass index (BMI).
METHODS
We analyzed data on 12 indices calculated from 19,805 community-based cohort participants (average age, 63.27 years; median follow-up, 13.49 years). Each index was calculated using directly measured values of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC). We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each index using Cox regression and evaluated mortality prediction with the Harrell concordance index (c-index).
RESULTS
Adding anthropometric indices to the basic mortality model (c-index, 0.7723; 95% CI, 0.7647 to 0.7799) significantly increased the predictive power of BMI (c-index, 0.7735; 95% CI, 0.7659 to 0.7811), a body shape index (ABSI; c-index, 0.7735; 95% CI, 0.7659 to 0.7810), weight-adjusted waist index (WWI; c-index, 0.7731; 95% CI, 0.7656 to 0.7807), and waist to hip index (WHI; c-index, 0.7733; 95% CI, 0.7657 to 0.7809). The differences between the BMI model and the other 3 models were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
In predicting all-cause mortality, the ABSI, WWI, and WHI models based on WC or HC had stronger predictive power than conventional risk factors but were not significantly different from the BMI model.
Summary
Korean summary
- 다수의 비만관련 신체계측지표들이 사망률을 유의하게 예측하였지만 체질량지수보다 통계적으로 우월하지는 않았다. - 복부둘레가 고려된 비만지표들이 사망률예측에 더 유용할 것으로 추정된다.
Key Message
- Several obesity indices provided predictive value for all-cause mortality but were not superior to body mass index - Obesity indices that take abdominal circumference into account are likely to be more useful for predicting mortality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Midlife BMI and A Body Shape Index in relation to mortality and coronary heart disease events in a nationwide cohort
    Itamar Shafran, Nir Y. Krakauer, Jesse C. Krakauer, Gali Cohen, Yariv Gerber
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A J-shaped association between weight-adjusted waist index and cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal study from the CHARLS database
    Jiang Wang, Aizhang Zhu, Rui Zeng, Lihuan Chen, Fayi Xie, Ke Zhu, Tenghui Fan, Dongmei Ye, Yishan Wu, Wan Zhu, Jiahui Bian, Yuxu Huang, Shunrui Xiao, Mengxia Shi, Yi Xiao, Wenwu Zhang, Xiaoming Zhang
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development of an equation for estimating body fat mass using basic demographic and anthropometric indices
    N.V. Zaverukha, N.V. Grygorieva, A.S. Musiienko, N.M. Koshel
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2025; 21(8): 845.     CrossRef
  • Accumulated subcutaneous fat in abdomen is associated with long COVID-19 symptoms among non-hospitalized patients: a prospective observational study
    Tingxin Li, Baoming He, Yuping Liu, Chen Wang
    Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Toxicological evidence integration to confirm the biological plausibility of the association between humidifier disinfectant exposure and respiratory diseases using the AEP-AOP framework
Ha Ryong Kim, Jun Woo Kim, Jong-Hyeon Lee, Younghee Kim, Jungyun Lim, Yong-Wook Baek, Sunkyoung Shin, Mina Ha, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Kyu Hyuck Chung, Review Committee for the Epidemiological Correlations between Humidifier Disinfectants Exposure and Health Effects
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024060.   Published online July 7, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024060
  • 18,912 View
  • 206 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Exposure to humidifier disinfectants has been linked to respiratory diseases, including interstitial lung disease, asthma, and pneumonia. Consequently, numerous toxicological studies have explored respiratory damage as both a necessary and sufficient condition for these diseases. We systematically reviewed and integrated evidence from toxicological studies by applying the evidence integration method established in previous research to confirm the biological plausibility of the association between exposure and disease.
METHODS
We conducted a literature search focusing on polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT), the primary ingredients in humidifier disinfectants. We selected relevant studies based on their quality and the population, exposure, comparator, outcome (PECO) statements. These studies were categorized into three lines of evidence: hazard information, animal studies, and mechanistic studies. Based on a systematic review, we integrated the evidence to develop an aggregate exposure pathway–adverse outcome pathway (AEP-AOP) model for respiratory damage. The reliability and relevance of our findings were assessed by comparing them with the hypothesized pathogenic mechanisms of respiratory diseases.
RESULTS
By integrating toxicological evidence for each component of the AEP-AOP framework for PHMG and CMIT/MIT, we developed an AEP-AOP model that elucidates how disinfectants released from humidifiers expose target sites, triggering molecular initiating events and key events that ultimately lead to respiratory damage. This model exhibits high reliability and relevance to the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
The AEP-AOP model developed in this study provides strong evidence, based on evidence-based toxicology, that exposure to humidifier disinfectants causes respiratory diseases. This model demonstrates the pathways leading to respiratory damage, a hallmark of these conditions.
Summary
Korean summary
- PHMG와 CMIT/MIT에 대한 AEP-AOP 프레임워크와 독성학적 근거종합 방법에 의해 가습기살균제의 호흡기계 손상 AEP-AOP 모델을 개발하였다. - 이 모델은 가습기살균제 복합 노출과 호흡기계 질환 간의 인과성을 규명하는 과학적 근거를 제공하며, 향후 다양한 살균제 성분의 호흡기계 건강영향을 예측하는데 활용할 수 있다.
Key Message
• The AEP-AOP model for humidifier disinfectant-induced respiratory damage developed by the AEP-AOP frameworks for PHMG and CMIT/MIT, along with the toxicological evidence integration method. • This model provides a scientific basis for establishing causality between mixed exposure to humidifier disinfectants and respiratory diseases, and can be used in the future to predict the health effects of various disinfectant ingredients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of respiratory diseases with humidifier disinfectants exposure and its latency: A study of health damage reporter cohort in South Korea
    Jaiyong Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Seungyeon Heo, Youngmee Lee, Taksoo Kim, Hye-Jin Kim, Suejin Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Mina Ha
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2026; 309: 119552.     CrossRef
  • Effect-based aggregate exposure pathways for tracking mixture potency across the source-to-target site continuum
    Edmond Sanganyado
    Science of The Total Environment.2026; 1031: 181829.     CrossRef
  • Can forensic aggregate exposure pathways support exposure evaluation in toxic torts?
    Edmond Sanganyado
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparative toxicoproteomics reveals distinct proteostasis and ribosomal stress signatures of CMIT and PHMG
    Ye-Eun Jeong, Min Jeong Jeon, Hyung-Sun Youn, Jiyou Han, Mi-Young Lee
    Toxicology in Vitro.2026; : 106298.     CrossRef
  • Risk of non-cancer respiratory diseases attributed to humidifier disinfectant exposure in Koreans: age-period-cohort and differences-in-difference analyses
    Jaiyong Kim, Kyoung Sook Jeong, Seungyeon Heo, Younghee Kim, Jungyun Lim, Sol Yu, Suejin Kim, Sun-Kyoung Shin, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Mina Ha
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025006.     CrossRef
  • Association between humidifier disinfectant use duration and lung cancer development in Korea
    Sungchan Kang, Jeong-In Hwang, Su Hwan Kim, Hyungryul Lim, Dong-wook Lee, Woojoo Lee, Jong Hun Kim, Sol Yu, Jungyun Lim, Younghee Kim, Kyoung-Nam Kim
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025023.     CrossRef
  • The CMIT/MIT Humidifier Disinfectant Ruling: Environmental Health Implications of the Reversal by the Supreme Court
    Sungkyoon Kim
    Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2025; 51(6): 345.     CrossRef
  • Integrated evidence supports a causal association between PHMG-P exposure and pneumonitis
    Yong Joo Park, Hye-Jin Kim, Youngmee Lee, Haewon Kim, Ha Ryong Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Mina Ha, Kyu Hyuck Chung
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025073.     CrossRef
Methods
Expansion of a food composition database for the food frequency questionnaire in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES): a comprehensive database of dietary antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity
Jiseon Lee, Ji-Sook Kong, Hye Won Woo, Mi Kyung Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024050.   Published online May 10, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024050
  • 20,268 View
  • 136 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study constructed a comprehensive database of dietary antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) to facilitate the estimation of daily antioxidant intake using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). This database was applied to 3 general population-based cohorts (n=195,961) within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).
METHODS
To establish a database of 412 foods derived from recipes of a 106-item FFQ, we followed a pre-established standardized protocol. This included the selection of source databases, matching of foods, substitution of unmatched items with identical foods and input of values, and assessment of coverage. For each food, the TAC was estimated by summing the individual antioxidant capacities, calculated by multiplying the amount of each antioxidant by its vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity.
RESULTS
We identified 48 antioxidants across 5 classes: retinol, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and flavonoids, with flavonoids divided into 7 subclasses. TAC values were then established. Coverage exceeded 90.0% for retinol, carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E, while coverage for flavonoids was 60.9%. The daily intakes of 4 antioxidant classes—all but vitamin E—were higher in women than in men. The Ansan-Ansung cohort exhibited the highest levels of dietary TAC, vitamin E, and flavonoids, while the Health Examinees Study cohort displayed the highest values for retinol, carotenoids, and vitamin C.
CONCLUSIONS
We customized a comprehensive antioxidant database for the KoGES FFQ, achieving relatively high coverage. This expansion could support research investigating the impact of dietary antioxidants on the development of chronic diseases targeted by the KoGES.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 한국인유전체역학조사사업(KoGES) 식품섭취빈도조사(FFQ)에 특화된 항산화 데이터베이스를 확장하여 개발한 첫 번째 연구로, 48종의 항산화제와 TAC 값을 포함하여 기존 연구의 부족한 부분을 채웠습니다. 코호트 별로 식이 항산화제 섭취량에서 큰 차이가 나타났으며, 지역사회 기반 코호트에서는 비타민 E와 플라보노이드 섭취가 가장 높았고, 도시 기반 코호트에서는 레티놀, 카로티노이드, 비타민 C 섭취에서 가장 높았습니다. 반면, 농촌 기반 코호트에서는 대부분의 항산화제 섭취량이 가장 낮았습니다. 또한 성별, 연령, 및 교육 수준에 따른 섭취량의 차이도 확인되었으며, 주로 여성, 젊은 연령층, 그리고 교육 수준이 높은 사람들이 더 많은 항산화제를 섭취한 반면, 고령자와 흡연자는 섭취량이 적게 나타났습니다.
Key Message
This study is the first to develop an expanded antioxidant database specifically for the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) FFQ, addressing a critical gap in research by including a broad range of 48 antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Significant differences in dietary antioxidant intake were observed across different cohorts, with participants in the Ansan and Ansung (ASAS) study consuming the most vitamin E and flavonoids, while those in the Health Examinee (HEXA) study had the highest intake of retinol, carotenoids, and vitamin C. In contrast, the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study (CAVAS) showed the lowest intake of most antioxidants. Demographic differences were also evident, with women, younger individuals, and those with higher education levels consuming more antioxidants, while older adults and smokers consumed less.

Citations

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  • Diet-Wide Association Study for the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Three Population-Based Cohorts
    Hye Woo, Manh Hoang, Min-Ho Shin, Sang Koh, Hyeon Kim, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi Kim
    Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3798.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Association of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate with lung cancer risk in the Korean population
Soonsu Shin, Min-Ho Kim, Chang-Mo Oh, Hyejin Chun, Eunhee Ha, Hyo Choon Lee, Seong Ho Moon, Dong-Young Lee, Dosang Cho, Sangho Lee, Min Hyung Jung, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024041.   Published online March 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024041
  • 20,547 View
  • 183 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Inconsistent results are available regarding the association between low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lung cancer risk. We aimed to explore the risk of lung cancer according to eGFR category in the Korean population.
METHODS
We included 358,293 adults who underwent health checkups between 2009 and 2010, utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on their baseline eGFR, as determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: group 1 (eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), group 2 (eGFR ≥60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), and group 3 (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). Incidences of lung cancer were identified using the corresponding codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were employed to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer incidence up to 2019.
RESULTS
In multivariate analysis, group 2 exhibited a 26% higher risk of developing lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.35). Furthermore, group 3 demonstrated a 72% elevated risk of lung cancer relative to group 1 (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.58 to 1.89). Among participants with dipstick proteinuria of 2+ or greater, group 3 faced a significantly higher risk of lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.37 to 6.24).
CONCLUSIONS
Low eGFR was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk within the Korean population. A particularly robust association was observed in individuals with severe proteinuria, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
Summary
Korean summary
이번 연구에서는 한국인 인구집단에서 단백뇨와 동반된 낮은 사구체 여과율이 페암의 발생 위험을 증가시켰다. 이는 신장기능의 저하가 폐암의 위험을 증가시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. 신장기능이 저하된 환자들의 면밀한 추적관찰이 필요할 수 있다.
Key Message
Our research found that lower estimated glomerular filtration rate with proteinuria increased the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. These findings suggest that decreased kidney function may increase the risk of lung cancer, indicating the need for careful observation of patients with impaired kidney function.

Citations

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  • Mendelian randomization study of the relationship between blood and urine biomarkers and lung cancer
    Haihua Huang, Haijun Zheng
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Identifying pregnancy episodes and estimating the last menstrual period using an administrative database in Korea: an application to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Yu-Seon Jung, Yeo-Jin Song, Jihyun Keum, Ju Won Lee, Eun Jin Jang, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Sun-Young Jung
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024012.   Published online December 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024012
  • 22,054 View
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  • 9 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study developed an algorithm for identifying pregnancy episodes and estimating the last menstrual period (LMP) in an administrative claims database and applied it to investigate the use of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants among pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
METHODS
An algorithm was developed and applied to a nationwide claims database in Korea. Pregnancy episodes were identified using a hierarchy of pregnancy outcomes and clinically plausible periods for subsequent episodes. The LMP was estimated using preterm delivery, sonography, and abortion procedure codes. Otherwise, outcome-specific estimates were applied, assigning a fixed gestational age to the corresponding pregnancy outcome. The algorithm was used to examine the prevalence of pregnancies and utilization of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide [CYC]/mycophenolate mofetil [MMF]/methotrexate [MTX]) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during pregnancy in SLE patients.
RESULTS
The pregnancy outcomes identified in SLE patients included live births (67%), stillbirths (2%), and abortions (31%). The LMP was mostly estimated with outcome-specific estimates for full-term births (92.3%) and using sonography procedure codes (54.7%) and preterm delivery diagnosis codes (37.9%) for preterm births. The use of CYC/MMF/MTX decreased from 7.6% during preconception to 0.2% at the end of pregnancy. CYC/MMF/MTX use was observed in 3.6% of women within 3 months preconception and 2.5% during 0-7 weeks of pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS
This study presents the first pregnancy algorithm using a Korean administrative claims database. Although further validation is necessary, this study provides a foundation for evaluating the safety of medications during pregnancy using secondary databases in Korea, especially for rare diseases.
Summary
Korean summary
임산부의 약물 사용 안전성에 대한 근거 제공을 위해 실제 인구집단에서의 임신 중 약물 치료 안전성을 평가하는 청구자료 기반 연구가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 청구자료에 적용할 수 있는 임신 정의 및 임신 결과 조작적 정의 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 본 알고리즘은 임신 결과 간의 우선순위를 고려한 계층 구조를 활용하며, 조기 분만 및 초음파 검사 코드 등을 통해 최종 월경 기간을 추정하였다. 또한 알고리즘을 전신홍반루푸스 환자에 적용하여 유산, 사산 등의 유병률을 산출하고 임신 중 잠재적으로 부적절한 면역억제제 사용을 파악하여 국내 청구자료의 특성을 고려한 임신 중 약물 사용 연구의 기반을 마련하였다.
Key Message
Limited safety data for pregnant women prompted recent studies on medication during pregnancy using real-world databases. This study developed a tailored algorithm for Korean healthcare claims database, employing a hierarchy of pregnancy outcomes and incorporating pre-term delivery and sonography codes for last menstrual period estimation. Applied to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, this study presented the prevalence and drug utilization pattern of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants from preconception to pregnancy end, laying a foundation for further claims database studies on medication pregnancy safety.

Citations

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  • Immunosuppressant use and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study in Korea
    Yu-Seon Jung, Yeo-Jin Song, Eun Jin Jang, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Sun-Young Jung
    Rheumatology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of gestational age by pregnancy outcomes and distribution of pregnancy-related codes in Korean claims data
    Woo-Jung Kim, Yunha Noh, Yongtai Cho, Eun-Young Choi, HyunJoo Lim, Hyesung Lee, Ju-Young Shin
    Epidemiology and Health.2026; 48: e2026007.     CrossRef
  • Evaluating and Refining Claims-Based Algorithms for Pregnancy Outcomes and Gestational Age Estimation in Korea
    Hee-Jin Kim, Haerin Cho, Sun-Young Jung, Ju-Young Shin, Seung-Ah Choe, Nam-Kyong Choi
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development and Validation of Gestational Age Estimation Algorithms for Nonlive Births in Administrative Healthcare Databases
    Yongtai Cho, Eun-Young Choi, Hyesung Lee, Yunha Noh, Jung Yeol Han, Seung-Ah Choe, Hoon Kim, Ju-Young Shin
    Epidemiology.2026; 37(3): 336.     CrossRef
  • Identifying pregnancies in routinely collected health data: a scoping review of methods
    Paolo Mazzone, Rose Higgins, Siobhan O’Connor, Jenny Myers, Tjeerd van Staa, Victoria Palin
    BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Benzodiazepine use during an IVF cycle and its impacts on miscarriage and other pregnancy outcomes
    HyunJoo Lim, Eun-Young Choi, Yongtai Cho, Hyesung Lee, Azar Mehrabadi, Jung Yeol Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Ju-Young Shin
    Human Reproduction Open.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Utilisation patterns of immunomodulators and pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: Insights from Korean national data
    Yu-Seon Jung, Yeo-Jin Song, Hyeon Ji Lee, Eunji Kim, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Sun-Young Jung
    Lupus.2025; 34(2): 140.     CrossRef
  • Narrative Review of National Health Insurance Claims Data for Gestational Age Calculation and Vaccine Safety Evaluation in Pregnancy
    Taemi Kim, Seung-Ah Choe
    Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research.2025; 5(2): 98.     CrossRef
  • Neurodevelopmental delays in children born after medically assisted reproduction: a national population cohort study
    Seung-Ah Choe, Eunseon Gwak, Juyoung Lee, Jung Hye Byeon, Ju-Young Shin, Seungbong Han, Jee Hyun Kim
    Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry screening questionnaire and oral frailty diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults
Jeong-Hyun Kang, Seong-Chan Park, Hoi-In Jung, Sun Jae Jung, Hye-Jin Park, Soo-Min Kim, Min-Ji Jo, Yun-Seon Lee, Sun-Young Han
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024008.   Published online December 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024008
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  • 6 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to establish the validity—specifically, the sensitivity and specificity—of the screening questionnaire and diagnostic criteria for oral frailty proposed by the Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry (KAGD) among community-dwelling older adults.
METHODS
This study enrolled 100 participants. Among various definitions of oral frailty, this study used the criteria proposed by Tanaka as the reference test. The screening questionnaire consisted of 11 items for screening physical frailty, chewing ability, swallowing difficulties, oral dryness, and tongue and lip motor function. Each question had a different scoring weight, and if the total score was 1 or higher, an oral frailty diagnostic examination proposed by the KAGD would be recommended. The diagnostic test was the oral frailty diagnostic criteria proposed by the KAGD including 6 measures: chewing ability, occlusal force, tongue pressure, oral dryness, swallowing difficulty, and oral hygiene. If a participant exhibited 2 or more positive measures, this participant was classified as “oral frail.” The screening questionnaire was analyzed using a cut-off value of 1 or higher, while the diagnostic criteria utilized a cut-off of 2 or more positive measures. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated.
RESULTS
The screening questionnaire showed significant power for screening oral frailty (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.783; sensitivity, 87.8%; specificity, 52.5%). The diagnostic accuracy of the newly proposed diagnostic criteria was acceptable (sensitivity, 95.1%; specificity, 42.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
The newly proposed screening questionnaire and diagnostic criteria in Korea appear to be a useful tool to identify oral frailty in community-dwelling older adults.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 지역사회에 거주하는 노인들의 구강 노쇠에 대한 선별검사 설문지와 진단 기준을 검증하는 것을 목표로 했습니다. 민감도와 특이도가 계산되었으며, 스크리닝 설문지는 구강 노쇠를 식별하는 데 상당한 힘을 보여주었고(민감도 87.8%, 특이도 52.5%), 진단 기준은 수용 가능한 정확도(민감도 95.1%, 특이도 42.4%)를 나타냈습니다. 연구 결과는 제안된 선별 설문지와 진단 기준이 한국 지역사회에 거주하는 노인들의 구강 노쇠를 식별하는 데 유용한 도구임을 시사합니다.
Key Message
This study aimed to validate a screening questionnaire and diagnostic criteria for oral frailty among older adults living in the community. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, with the screening questionnaire demonstrating a significant power for identifying oral frailty (sensitivity 87.8%, specificity 52.5%) and the diagnostic criteria showing acceptable accuracy (sensitivity 95.1%, specificity 42.4%). The findings suggest that the proposed screening questionnaire and diagnostic criteria are valuable tools for identifying oral frailty in community-dwelling older adults in Korea.

Citations

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  • Reliability and Validity of Oral Frailty Index‐8: Findings Among Community‐Dwelling Adults in Singapore
    Keerthika Natarajan, Yu Fan Sim, Haoyang Chen, Haoxing Lai, Siddarth Venkateswaran, Matthew Zhixuan Chen, Mun Loke Wong, Xiaoli Gao
    Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.2026; 53(6): 1159.     CrossRef
  • Multidimensional oral frailty scale developed through an international e-Delphi approach
    Keerthika Natarajan, Mun Loke Wong, Matthew Zhixuan Chen, Gabriel Keng Yan Lee, Mei Na Tan, Xiaoli Gao
    Journal of Dentistry.2026; 165: 106276.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Oral Frailty on Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Mediating Effects of Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia
    Sae Rom Park, Ju Young Ha
    Research in Gerontological Nursing.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and risk factors of oral frailty among older adults
    Pingping Huang, Linjing Wu, Rongxiang Zhang, Shiqi Chen, Yu Zhang, Yuan Chen
    Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Feasibility of Using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions to Identify Masticatory Discomfort in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
    Han-Nah Kim, Nam-Hee Kim
    Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2025; 25(3): 237.     CrossRef
  • Geriatrik bireylerde oral kırılganlığın etkileri ve değerlendirilmesi :Derleme
    Alpin Değirmenci
    Troia Medical Journal.2025; 6(2): 42.     CrossRef
Changes in proteinuria and the associated risks of ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris in Korean population
Sung Keun Park, Ju Young Jung, Min-Ho Kim, Chang-Mo Oh, Eunhee Ha, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Soonsu Shin, Woo Yeon Hwang, Sangho Lee, So Youn Shin, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023088.   Published online September 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023088
  • 17,929 View
  • 196 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Proteinuria is widely used to predict cardiovascular risk. However, there is insufficient evidence to predict how changes in proteinuria may affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
METHODS
The study included 265,236 Korean adults who underwent health checkups in 2003-2004 and 2007-2008. They were categorized into 4 groups based on changes in proteinuria (negative: negative → negative; resolved: proteinuria ≥1+ → negative; incident: negative → proteinuria ≥1+; persistent: proteinuria ≥1+ → proteinuria ≥1+). We conducted 6 years of follow-up to identify the risks of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and angina pectoris according to changes in proteinuria. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident IHD, AMI, and angina pectoris.
RESULTS
The IHD risk (expressed as HR [95% CI]) was the highest for persistent proteinuria, followed in descending order by incident and resolved proteinuria, compared with negative proteinuria (negative: reference, resolved: 1.211 [95% CI, 1.104 to 1.329], incident: 1.288 [95% CI, 1.184 to 1.400], and persistent: 1.578 [95% CI, 1.324 to 1.881]). The same pattern was associated with AMI (negative: reference, resolved: 1.401 [95% CI, 1.048 to 1.872], incident: 1.606 [95% CI, 1.268 to 2.035], and persistent: 2.069 [95% CI, 1.281 to 3.342]) and angina pectoris (negative: reference, resolved: 1.184 [95% CI, 1.065 to 1.316], incident: 1.275 [95% CI, 1.160 to 1.401], and persistent: 1.554 [95% CI, 1.272 to 1.899]).
CONCLUSIONS
Experiencing proteinuria increased the risks of IHD, AMI, and angina pectoris even after proteinuria resolved.
Summary
Korean summary
- 본 연구의 목적은 요 시험지 검사를 통해 확인된 단백뇨의 3-5년간의 변화 수준에 따른 허혈성 심질환, 급성 심근 경색, 협심증의 발생 위험을 평가하는 것이다. - 지속적으로 단백뇨가 음성인 집단에 (negative proteinuria) 비해서, 단백뇨가 있었다 사라진 집단 (resolved proteinuria), 새로이 단백뇨가 생긴 집단 (incident proteinuria), 지속적으로 단백뇨가 존재하는 집단 (persistent proteinuria)은 유의하게 증가한 허혈성 심질환, 급성 심근 경색, 협심증의 발생 위험을 나타내었다. - 이러한 결과는 단백뇨가 일단 발생한 사람은, 나중에 사라지더라도, 관상 동맥 질환에 대한 위험이 높으며, 이에 대한 관리와 주의가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.
Key Message
- The present study was to evaluate the risk of incident ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris according to changes in urine dipstick proteinuria over 3-5 years. - Compared with persistently negative proteinuria (negative → negative), resolved proteinuria (positive → negative), incident proteinuria (negative → positive), and persistent proteinuria (positive → positive) had the increased risk of ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris. - These results suggest that once manifested proteinuria lead to the increased risk of coronary artery disease, regardless of changes in proteinuria.

Citations

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  • Frequency and sequence of proteinuria positivity and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
    Junseok Jeon, Kyungho Lee, Jung Eun Lee, Wooseong Huh, Kyungdo Han, Hye Ryoun Jang
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(6): 3274.     CrossRef
  • Changes in proteinuria and the risk of urogenital cancer in Korean men
    Dong-Young Lee, Min-Ho Kim, Eunhee Ha, Soonsu Shin, Sungjin Kim, Dosang Cho, Ah Rah Lee, Jae-Hong Ryoo
    Maturitas.2025; 203: 108754.     CrossRef
Did the socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable and unavoidable mortality worsen during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea?
Rora Oh, Myoung-Hee Kim, Juyeon Lee, Rangkyoung Ha, Jungwook Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023072.   Published online August 3, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023072
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study examined changes in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Korea before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
METHODS
From 2017 to 2020, age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for all-cause deaths, avoidable deaths (preventable deaths, treatable deaths), and unavoidable deaths using National Health Insurance claims data and Statistics Korea’s cause of death data. In addition, the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII) by six income levels (Medical Aid beneficiary group and quintile of health insurance premiums) were computed to analyze the magnitude and change of mortality inequalities.
RESULTS
All-cause and avoidable mortality rates decreased steadily between 2017 and 2020, whereas unavoidable mortality remained relatively stable. In the case of mortality inequalities, the disparity in all-cause mortality between income classes was exacerbated in 2020 compared to 2019, with the SII increasing from 185.44 to 189.22 and the RII increasing from 3.99 to 4.29. In particular, the preventable and unavoidable mortality rates showed an apparent increase in inequality, as both the SII (preventable: 91.31 to 92.01, unavoidable: 69.99 to 75.38) and RII (preventable: 3.42 to 3.66, unavoidable: 5.02 to 5.89) increased.
CONCLUSIONS
In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality inequality continued to increase, although there was no sign of exacerbation. It is necessary to continuously evaluate mortality inequalities, particularly for preventable and unavoidable deaths.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 COVID-19 발생 전후 한국에서의 사망률 추이와 사망률 불평등 변화를 조사했다. 2017~2020년 사이에 총사망률과 회피가능사망률은 줄어들었지만, 사망률의 사회경제적 불평등은 더 커지는 경향을 보였다. 특히 예방가능사망과 회피불가능사망에서 불평등이 커져 지속적인 추적과 평가가 필요하다.
Key Message
This study examined the trends in mortality rates and changes in mortality inequality in Korea before and after the onset of COVID-19. Between 2017 and 2020, while the all-cause and avoidable mortality rates decreased, there was a growing trend of inequality in mortality rates based on income levels. Particularly, inequalities in preventable and unavoidable deaths have increased, emphasizing the need for ongoing evaluation.

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  • Population-weighted trends in absolute and relative inequalities in avoidable mortality by area deprivation in South Korea, 2012–2024
    Younggyu Ko, Jung-Hyun Lee
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.2026; : jech-2026-226623.     CrossRef
  • Avoidable Mortality in its Economic Impact in Almaty City, Kazakhstan
    Rauan Kastey, Ermek Dyussembekov, Kuanysh Nikatov, Yevgeniy Zhukov, Arimantas Tamasauskas, Oryngul Jumagaziyeva, Madiyar Umirbayev, Kamila Faizullina
    Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior.2025; 8(3): 141.     CrossRef
  • Incidence and Influencing Factors of Avoidable Mortality in Korea From 2013-2022: Analysis of Cause-of-death Statistics
    Jeong Min Yang, Jieun Hwang
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(6): 540.     CrossRef
Associations of cumulative average dietary total antioxidant capacity and intake of antioxidants with metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults aged 40 years and older: a prospective cohort study (KoGES_CAVAS)
Ji-Sook Kong, Jiseon Lee, Youngjun Kim, Hye Won Woo, Min-Ho Shin, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi Kyung Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023067.   Published online July 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023067
  • 22,172 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Limited and inconsistent prospective evidence exists regarding the relationship of dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and antioxidant intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. We evaluated the associations of the cumulative averages of dTAC and antioxidant intake (in 5 classes: retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and flavonoids, as well as 7 flavonoid subclasses) with the risk of MetS.
METHODS
This study included 11,379 participants without MetS, drawn from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study_CArdioVascular disease Association Study (KoGES_CAVAS). The cumulative average consumption was calculated using repeated food frequency questionnaires. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using a modified Poisson regression model with a robust error estimator.
RESULTS
The median follow-up period was 5.16 years, and 2,416 cases of MetS were recorded over 58,750 person-years. In men, significant inverse associations were observed in all 5 antioxidant classes, except for the highest quartile of dTAC. In women, dTAC and total flavonoids were not significantly associated with MetS; however, significant L-shaped associations were found for the remaining 4 antioxidant classes. Of the 7 flavonoid subclasses, only flavones in the highest quartile for men and flavan-3-ols in women lacked significant associations with MetS. The inverse associations were not sex-specific, but they were particularly pronounced among participants with a body mass index (BMI) of 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or higher.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that most antioxidant classes and flavonoid subclasses, unlike dTAC, exhibit a clear beneficial association with MetS in an L-shaped pattern in both men and women, particularly those with a high BMI.
Summary
Korean summary
농촌코호트 조사 참여자를 대상으로 식이 총항산화능, 총항산화능 하위분류, 플라보노이드 하위분류와 대사증후군 발생 위험의 전향적 연관성을 평가한 결과, 대부분의 항산화물(5개항산화물 분류:4개 항산화 비타민과 플라보노이드; 플라보노이드 7개 하부분류)에서 대사증후군과 음의 상관성을 확인할 수 있었으며 총항산화능(남자와 여자)과 플라보노이드(여자)에서 약한 연관성을 보였다. 남녀간 유의한 상호작용은 없었고 특히 BMI가 높은 집단에서 두드러졌다. 이 연구의 결과는 특히 식이 총항산화능을 구성하는 하위 유형을 적절히 섭취하는 것이 특히 비만한 성인에서 대사증후군 위험을 낮추는 예방전략으로 효과가 있을 수 있음을 시사한다.
Key Message
We observed that the cumulative average of dietary antioxidant vitamins and most flavonoids may be have pivotal roles in prevention of MetS, although there may be weak associations of dTAC and flavonoids in women. Moreover, these inverse associations were more pronounced in high BMI individuals. Our results suggest that the consumption of antioxidants and flavonoid may mitigate the MetS risk, particularly in overweight/obese individuals at high risk of developing chronic diseases.

Citations

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    妮妮 田
    Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(04): 1177.     CrossRef
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    Zheng Yang, Shupeng Song, Yongguo Li
    Medicine.2026; 105(34): e50319.     CrossRef
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    Danyu Chen, Keliang Xie, Chang Gao, Yingdi Yang, Ying Xu, Bang-yan Li, Yue Xi, Ju-Sheng Zheng, Yu-ming Chen
    The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2025; 140: 109892.     CrossRef
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    Jonathan Squillante, Francesco Esposito, Teresa Cirillo
    Food Bioscience.2025; 69: 106979.     CrossRef
  • The association of dietary total flavonoids and their subclasses with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
    Hye Won Woo, Mi Kyung Kim, Kong Ji-Sook, Jiseon Lee, Min-Ho Shin, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Yu-Mi Kim
    European Journal of Nutrition.2024; 63(4): 1339.     CrossRef
  • A Systematized Review of the Relationship Between Obesity and Vitamin C Requirements
    Julia K Bird, Edith JM Feskens, Alida Melse-Boonstra
    Current Developments in Nutrition.2024; 8(5): 102152.     CrossRef
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    Jiseon Lee, Ji-Sook Kong, Hye Won Woo, Mi Kyung Kim
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Risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolism, and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving Janus kinase inhibitors: a real-world retrospective observational study using Korean health insurance data
Hong Ki Min, Hyeongsu Kim, Ho Jin Jeong, Se Hee Kim, Hae-Rim Kim, Sang-Heon Lee, KunSei Lee, Soon-Ae Shin, Jong Heon Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023045.   Published online April 15, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023045
  • 29,311 View
  • 390 Download
  • 25 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated whether Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) raise the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
METHODS
We conducted a real-world retrospective observational study using data obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Two data sets were analyzed: tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi)/JAKi-naive RA patients (set 1) and all RA patients who used TNFis or JAKis (set 2). The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, cardiovascular (CV)-related mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), VTE, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), cancer, and all-cause mortality were compared between the JAKi and TNFi groups.
RESULTS
Set 1 included 1,596 RA patients (JAKi group: 645; TNFi group: 951), and set 2 included 11,765 RA patients (JAKi group: 2,498; TNFi group: 9,267). No adverse events (AEs) showed significantly higher IRRs in the JAKi groups than in the TNFi groups of sets 1 and 2. The HRs for MACE in the JAKi groups of sets 1 and 2 were 0.59 (95% confidence [CI], 0.35 to 0.99) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.97), respectively. The JAKi group of set 2 showed a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.20), but the other AEs did not demonstrate increased risks in the JAKi groups.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, JAKis did not increase the risk of AMI, stroke, CV-related mortality, MACE, VTE, ATE, or cancer in Korean RA patients relative to TNFis.
Summary
Korean summary
1. 한국인 류마티스관절염 환자를 대상으로 한 실제임상자료 결과, JAK 억제제가 종양괴사인자 억제제에 비해 심혈관질환, 혈전증, 암 등의 심각한 부작용을 증가시키지는 않았다. 2. 본 연구를 토대로 한국인 대상자에서 JAK 억제제가 심혈관질환 등의 심각한 부작용을 증가시키는지에 대한 재평가가 필요하다.
Key Message
1. The real word-data based results showed that risks of MACE, thromboembolism, and cancers were not increased in Korean RA patients with JAK inhibitor when compared to Korean RA patients with TNF inhibitors. 2. Therefore, the risk of serious adverse events of JAK inhibitors in Korean population should be reconsidered and reassessed before adding black box warning of JAK inhibitors.

Citations

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    Jutta Bauhammer
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    Martin Schäfer, Anja Strangfeld
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie.2026; 85(1): 65.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Malignancies and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Related to JAK Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta‐Analysis
    Hongmei Duan, Chao Jiang, Binglun Zhang, Hefan Meng, Weizheng Zhou, Wei Yan, Tianlong Jiang
    Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2026; 119(3): 598.     CrossRef
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    Fu-Yu Yang, Yu-Chang Liu, Min-You Wu, Yao-Cheng Wu, Cheng-Hsien Hung
    Inflammation Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Diomidis C. Ioannidis, Efthymia Maria Kapasouri, Vassilios S. Vassiliou, Eleana Ntatsaki
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  • Cardiovascular, cancer, and infection risks of Janus kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis: A nationwide cohort study
    Yongtai Cho, Dongwon Yoon, Farzin Khosrow‐Khavar, Minkyo Song, Eun Ha Kang, Ju Hwan Kim, Ju‐Young Shin
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The association between occupational stress level and health-related productivity loss among Korean employees
Jonghee Chung, Jin-Hyo Kim, Jae Yoon Lee, Hee Seok Kang, Dong-wook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023009.   Published online December 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023009
  • 25,235 View
  • 395 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Occupational stress management is particularly important for successful business operations, since occupational stress adversely affects workers’ health, eventually lowering their productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between occupational stress and health-related productivity loss (HRPL) among Korean workers.
METHODS
In 2021, 1,078 workers participated in a web-based questionnaire survey. HRPL was measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire, and occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form. The occupational stress level was divided into tertiles (low, intermediate, and high), and the low occupational stress group was used as the reference group. Using a generalised linear model, differences in labour productivity loss according to the level of occupational stress were tested after adjusting for demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, household income, occupation, and underlying medical conditions.
RESULTS
Non-parametric regression analysis of HRPL according to occupational stress showed a direct association between occupational stress and HRPL. A statistically significant difference was observed in HRPL between participants with intermediate and high occupational stress and those with low occupational stress.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the hypothesis that high occupational stress is associated with decreased labour productivity.
Summary
Korean summary
직무스트레스가 건강에 미치는 영향은 잘 알려져 있으나, 노동생산성에 대해 분석한 결과는 그동안 부족하였다. 한국 노동자 1078명을 분석한 결과, 직무스트레스가 낮은 군에 비해서 중등도이거나 높은 경우, 결근이나 프리젠티즘과 같은 건강관련 노동생산성 손실이 약 20%p 정도 높은 것으로 분석되었다.
Key Message
As a result of analyzing 1078 Korean workers, it was revealed that health-related labor productivity losses such as absenteeism and presenteeism were about 20%p higher when occupational stress was moderate or high compared to the low occupational stress group.

Citations

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  • Design and Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Gamified Virtual Reality System for Short-Term Work Stress Reduction
    Ioannis Ladakis, Henar Guillen-Sanz, Despoina Xanthopoulou, Ioanna Chouvarda
    IEEE Access.2026; 14: 30164.     CrossRef
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Long-term association of pericardial adipose tissue with incident diabetes and prediabetes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Minsuk Oh, Wonhee Cho, Dong Hoon Lee, Kara M. Whitaker, Pamela J. Schreiner, James G. Terry, Joon Young Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023001.   Published online December 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023001
  • 13,959 View
  • 126 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We examined whether pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is predictive of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes over time.
METHODS
In total, 2,570 adults without prediabetes/diabetes from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study were followed up over 15 years. PAT volume was measured by computed tomography scans, and the new onset of prediabetes/diabetes was examined 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years after the PAT measurements. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to examine the association between the tertile of PAT and incident prediabetes/diabetes up to 15 years later. The predictive ability of PAT (vs. waist circumference [WC], body mass index [BMI], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) for prediabetes/diabetes was examined by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
RESULTS
The highest tertile of PAT was associated with a 1.56 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 2.34) higher rate of diabetes than the lowest tertile; however, no association was found between the highest tertile of PAT and prediabetes in the fully adjusted models, including additional adjustment for BMI or WC. In the fully adjusted models, the AUCs of WC, BMI, WHtR, and PAT for predicting diabetes were not significantly different, whereas the AUC of WC for predicting prediabetes was higher than that of PAT.
CONCLUSIONS
PAT may be a significant predictor of hyperglycemia, but this association might depend on the effect of BMI or WC. Additional work is warranted to examine whether novel adiposity indicators can suggest advanced and optimal information to supplement the established diagnosis for prediabetes/diabetes.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 심장 내 축적되는 내장지방과 5년에서 15년 뒤의 당뇨병 전조 단계 및 당뇨병의 발생률과 연관성이 있음을 제안한다. 또한, 본 연구는 심장 내 내장지방과 당뇨병 발생률의 관계는 체질량 지수 또는 허리둘레의 영향에 따라 상이할 수 있음을 제안한다.
Key Message
Pericardial adipose tissue may be a significant predictor of future hyperglycemia in adults, but this association might depend on the effect of body mass index or waist circumference.
The association between metabolic syndrome and heart failure in middle-aged male and female: Korean population-based study of 2 million individuals
Tae-Eun Kim, Hyeongsu Kim, JiDong Sung, Duk-Kyung Kim, Myoung-Soon Lee, Seong Woo Han, Hyun-Joong Kim, Sung Hea Kim, Kyu-Hyung Ryu
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022078.   Published online September 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022078
  • 19,561 View
  • 101 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Although an association is known to exist between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and heart failure (HF) risk, large longitudinal studies are limited. We investigated metabolic status as a risk factor for HF in middle-aged male and female and considered sex differences in various risk factors for HF using nationwide real-world data.
METHODS
Data obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2016 were analyzed. A total of 2,151,597 middle-aged subjects (between 50 and 59 years old) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into 3 groups (normal, pre‐ MetS, and MetS). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between MetS and incident HF after adjusting for clinical risk factors.
RESULTS
At baseline, MetS existed in 23.77% of male and 10.58% of female. Pre-MetS and MetS increased the risk of HF: the hazard ratios of pre-MetS for incident HF were 1.508 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.287 to 1.767) in male and 1.395 (95% CI, 1.158 to 1.681) in female, and those of MetS were 1.711 (95% CI, 1.433 to 2.044) in male and 2.144 (95% CI, 1.674 to 2.747) in female. Current smoking, a low hemoglobin level, underweight (body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2), a high creatinine level, and acute myocardial infarction were also predictors of HF in both sexes.
CONCLUSIONS
Pre-MetS and MetS were identified as risk factors for HF in middle-aged male and female. The effect of MetS on the occurrence of HF was stronger in female than in male. Pre-MetS was also a predictor of HF, but was associated with a lower risk than MetS.
Summary

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Predictors of COVID-19 booster vaccine hesitancy among fully vaccinated adults in Korea: a nationwide cross-sectional survey
Yunha Noh, Ju Hwan Kim, Dongwon Yoon, Young June Choe, Seung-Ah Choe, Jaehun Jung, Sang-Won Lee, Ju-Young Shin
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022061.   Published online July 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022061
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study explored predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster hesitancy among fully vaccinated young adults and parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy for their children.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study administered an online survey from December 2 to December 20, 2021. We enrolled participants aged 18-49 years, for whom ≥2 weeks had passed after their initial COVID-19 vaccination. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariate logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with booster/vaccine hesitancy.
RESULTS
Among the 2,993 participants, 48.8% showed hesitancy (wait and see: 40.2%; definitely not: 8.7%). Booster hesitancy was more common among women (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.50), younger people (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.77), those with a lower education level (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.82), those who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine type (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.65 to 2.45), and those who experienced serious adverse events following previous COVID-19 vaccination (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.47 to 2.80). The main reasons for booster hesitancy were concerns about safety (54.1%) and doubts about efficacy (29.8%). Among the 1,020 respondents with children aged <18 years, 65.8% were hesitant to vaccinate their children against COVID-19; hesitancy was associated with younger parental age, education level, the type of vaccine the parent received, and a history of COVID-19 infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Concerns about the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines were the major barrier to booster acceptance. The initial COVID-19 vaccine type (mRNA-1273), young age, gender (women), a low education level, and adverse events after the first COVID-19 vaccine were key predictors of booster hesitancy.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 국내 19-49세 성인을 대상으로, 코로나19 3차접종 의향과 그들의 18세 미만 자녀에 대한 코로나19 기초접종 의향을 조사하고, 코로나19 백신접종 기피와 관련된 요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 2021년 12월 2일부터 20일까지 온라인 설문조사를 통하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 연구대상자는 코로나19 기초접종을 완료한 후 2주 경과한 19-49세 성인으로, 전국 대표성을 확보하기 위해 성별, 연령, 지역별로 층화하여 모집하였다. 코로나19 3차접종 기피율은 약 48.8%로 나타났으며, 접종 기피 관련 영향요인으로는 젊은 연령층, 여성, 낮은 교육수준, 기초접종 백신 종류, 기초접종 후 중증 이상반응 경험이 포함되었으며, 18세 미만 자녀에 대한 코로나19 기초접종 기피율은 65.8%로, 관련 영향요인으로는 젊은 부모 연령, 교육수준, 부모의 기초접종 백신 종류, 코로나19 감염 과거력이 포함되었다.
Key Message
Concerns about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines were the major barrier to booster acceptance; the initial COVID-19 vaccine type (mRNA-1273), younger age, gender (women), a low education level, and adverse events after the first COVID-19 vaccine were key predictors of booster hesitancy.

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    Lindokuhle Mokoena, Teboho Abram Moloi, Tanusha Singh
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The association of pancreatic cancer incidence with smoking status and smoking amount in Korean men
Do Jin Nam, Chang-Mo Oh, Eunhee Ha, Min-Ho Kim, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Soon Su Shin, Woo Yeon Hwang, Ann Hee You, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022040.   Published online April 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022040
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Our study examined the dose-response relationship between smoking amounts (pack-years) and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer in Korean men.
METHODS
Of 125,743 participants who underwent medical health checkups in 2009, 121,408 were included in the final analysis and observed for the development of pancreatic cancer. We evaluated the associations between smoking amounts and incident pancreatic cancer in 4 groups classified by pack-year amounts. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident pancreatic cancer by comparing groups 2 (<20 pack-year smokers), 3 (20-≤40 pack-year smokers), and 4 (>40 pack-year smokers) with group 1 (never smokers).
RESULTS
During 527,974.5 person-years of follow-up, 245 incident cases of pancreatic cancer developed between 2009 and 2013. The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident pancreatic cancer in groups 2, 3, and 4 were 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45), 1.28 (0.91 to 1.80), and 1.57 (1.00 to 2.46), respectively (p for trend=0.025). The HR (95% CI) of former smokers showed a dose-response relationship in the unadjusted model, but did not show a statistically significant association in the multivariate-adjusted model. The HR (95% CI) of current smokers showed a dose-response relationship in both the unadjusted (p for trend=0.020) and multivariate-adjusted models (p for trend=0.050).
CONCLUSIONS
The risk of developing pancreatic cancer was higher in current smokers status than in former smokers among Korean men, indicating that smoking cessation may have a protective effect.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구에서는 대한민국 남성을 대상으로 흡연양 및 흡연상태에 따른 췌장암 발병을 분석하였다. 흡연양이 많을수록, 현재 흡연상태일수록 췌장암 발병이 높았고, 금연한 경우 췌장암의 발병이 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
Key Message
As a result of analyzing the incidence of pancreatic cancer according to the amount of smoking and smoking status among Korean men, it was confirmed that the more smoked and the current smoking status, the higher the incidence of pancreatic cancer, and the lower the incidence of pancreatic cancer when quitting smoking.

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Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hooyeon Lee, Dongwoo Choi, Jung Jae Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022018.   Published online January 18, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022018
  • 39,758 View
  • 693 Download
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of poor mental health in the general Korean population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
METHODS
This cross-sectional, population-based, online survey-based study was conducted from November 5 to 20, 2020 and included adults aged 20-49 years in Chungnam Province, Korea. A total of 549 adults were included.
RESULTS
In total, 18.8% of the participants had symptoms of depression, 10.6% had symptoms of anxiety, and 5.1% had a high level of perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher levels of stress (odds ratio [OR], 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 8.67), anxiety (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.49), and depression (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.64 to 5.50) were found among never married, widowed, divorced, and separated people than among married/cohabiting/partnered participants. Participants who felt increased stress at home during the COVID-19 outbreak reported more depression (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.49 to 4.05) and anxiety (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.31 to 4.50). Women had higher risks of anxiety (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.58) and stress (OR, 6.40; 95% CI, 2.30 to 17.85) than men. Participants with the highest household income were less likely to report symptoms of stress than those with the lowest household income (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.96).
CONCLUSIONS
The participants in this study exhibited poor mental health index scores, suggesting that some people are at risk for mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being married was independently and significantly associated with a lower likelihood of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 코로나-19 유행 기간 동안 정신건강 현황과 위험 요인을 알아보기 위한 단면연구이다. 코로나 19 유행 이후 가정내 스트레스가 증가했다고 응답한 경우 우울증과 불안감의 유병률이 높았다. 반면, 남성인 경우, 결혼했거나 동거인과 같이 살고 있는 경우에는 우울증, 불안 또는 스트레스의 유병률이 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 마스크 착용하기, 비대면 활동 증가, 또는 사회적 거리두기 등 코로나 19의 유행을 통제하기 위한 많은 정책은 개인의 일상생활과 정신건강에 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 이 연구는 취약 집단을 발굴하고, 정신건강 회복을 위한 전략을 개발하는데 기초자료를 제공할 수 있다.
Key Message
This study revealed high prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress in the general population of Korea aged 20-49 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants who felt increased stress at home reported more depression and anxiety. Men and being married were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of depression, anxiety, or stress. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a traumatic event. In addi­tion, the policies created to prevent its spread have disrupted daily living for the general population. Implement­ing strategies to promote resilience and support psychologically vulnerable individuals during the COVID-19 cri­sis is of fundamental importance.

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    Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.2023; 52(5): 249.     CrossRef
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    Mi-Sun Lee, Jung Jae Lee, Soyeon Park, Seongju Kim, Hooyeon Lee
    Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Pablo D. Valencia, Maria A. Torres-Quispe, Sofía Sánchez-Cayo, Ricardo F. Reyes-Aguilar, Alexander G. Acevedo-Cahuana
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2022; 317: 212.     CrossRef
  • Depression and anxiety in later COVID-19 waves across Europe: New evidence from the European COvid Survey (ECOS)
    André Hajek, Sebastian Neumann-Böhme, Iryna Sabat, Aleksandra Torbica, Jonas Schreyögg, Pedro Pita Barros, Tom Stargardt, Hans-Helmut König
    Psychiatry Research.2022; 317: 114902.     CrossRef
  • Socio-economic factors associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea
    Seo Yoon Lee, Jung Jae Lee, Hooyeon Lee
    Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mental health of Korean adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a special report of the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Hyunsuk Jeong, Suyeon Park, Jihee Kim, Kyungwon Oh, Hyeon Woo Yim
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022042.     CrossRef
Associations between grip strength and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis of data from the 2014-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Harim Choe, Hoyong Sung, Geon Hui Kim, On Lee, Hyo Youl Moon, Yeon Soo Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021080.   Published online October 8, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021080
  • 28,491 View
  • 243 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Glycemic control is essential for preventing severe complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the association between grip strength and glycemic control in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS
From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2,498 participants aged over 19 years that patients with diabetes mellitus who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer were selected for analysis. Grip strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer and was represented as age-specific and sex-specific tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of glycemic control according to the grip strength tertiles.
RESULTS
A significantly lower probability (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.97) for glycemic control was found in the lowest tertile of grip strength compared to the highest tertile. Furthermore, a subgroup analysis by sex only found significant associations between grip strength and glycemic control in males.
CONCLUSIONS
Lower grip strength was associated with poor glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, especially in males. However, further studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship between grip strength and glycemic control.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 2014-2019년도 국민건강영양조사의 자료를 활용하여 당뇨병 유병자의 악력과 혈당 조절률 간의 연관성을 확인하였다. 당뇨병 유병자의 악력이 낮을수록 혈당 조절과의 연관성이 낮아졌으며, 이러한 연관성은 특히 남성에게 유의하게 나타났다.
Key Message
Grip strength is an inexpensive and straightforward method for measuring upper extremities strength and could represent the overall strength. After adjusting for confounders, lower grip strength with diabetic patients was associated with poor glycemic control. Specifically, this association was more prominent in Korean male.

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  • Association Between Sex-specific Handgrip Strength and Plasma Glycated Hemoglobin Levels Among Older Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
    Uyanga Ganbat, Altan-Ochir Byambaa, Boris Feldman, Shane Arishenkoff, Graydon S. Meneilly, Jonathan Little, Teresa Liu-Ambrose, Kenneth M. Madden
    Canadian Journal of Diabetes.2026; 50(2): 82.     CrossRef
  • Association between relative handgrip strength and glycemic control among male automobile manufacturing workers using vibration tools in South Korea
    Dong-Jae Seo, Hyun Joong Kim, Yongjin Kim, Jaewon Mun, Jong-Han Leem, Shin-Goo Park, Dong-Wook Lee, Hwan-Cheol Kim
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2026; 38: e14.     CrossRef
  • Muscle strength and HbA1c in geriatric patients with and without diabetes: a retrospective observational cohort study
    Merve Yilmaz Kars, Orhan Cicek, Ilyas Akkar, Zeynep Iclal Turgut, Mustafa Hakan Dogan, Tunahan Yakar, Muhammet Cemal Kizilarslanoglu
    Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The association between time in range with sarcopenia and its components in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Zhiping Duan, Yu Gao, Qin Hu, Yunda Huang, Guihua Jiang, Wei Chen, Hong Yang
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk factors for metabolic syndrome are associated with low handgrip strength in people with HIV
    Izabella Bernardes Araujo, Camila Ferreira Silva, Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes, Morganna Alves Siqueira, Marília Brasil Xavier, Luiz Fernando Gouvêa-e-Silva
    Sport Sciences for Health.2025; 21(1): 465.     CrossRef
  • Handgrip strength and upper limb functional performance measures in people over 18 years old: Analysis of relationships and influencing factors
    Julio Ernesto Pérez-Parra, Claudia Patricia Henao-Lema, Anyi Vanesa Arcos-Rodríguez, Natalia López-Ocampo, Carolina Castaño-García, Olga Patricia Pérez-Gamboa
    Journal of Hand Therapy.2024; 37(1): 101.     CrossRef
  • Physio-cognitive decline syndrome among middle-aged diabetes patients: Handgrip strength significantly correlates with glycaemic control and cognitive score
    Purwita Wijaya Laksmi, Dyah Purnamasari, Naldo Sofian, Nina Kemala Sari, Mohammad Kurniawan, Lugyanti Sukrisman, Dicky Levenus Tahapary, Noto Dwimartutie, Ikhwan Rinaldi
    Heliyon.2024; 10(2): e24018.     CrossRef
  • Low relative hand grip strength is associated with a higher risk for diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among the Korean population
    Min Jin Lee, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi, Yang Ho Kang, Giacomo Pucci
    PLOS ONE.2022; 17(10): e0275746.     CrossRef
  • Frailty and risk of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study
    Yuanjue Wu, Ting Xiong, Xiao Tan, Liangkai Chen
    BMC Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Exploring the associations between cardiovascular health measured with the CANHEART model and early cognitive impairment in a middle-aged population in Korea
Ye Jin Jeon, Ji Heon Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sun Jae Jung
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021044.   Published online July 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021044
  • 24,442 View
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  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Both cardiovascular health (CVH) and inflammation are associated with cognition, and inflammation is also associated with CVH. However, limited information has been reported on these factors in the Korean population. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of inflammation on the association between CVH and cognition using a cross-sectional design.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center baseline study. Participants who completed fasting serum analysis, questionnaires, and cognitive function tests were included in the analysis, whereas those with a history of autoimmune disease were excluded. The CVH in Ambulatory Care Research Team health index metrics, including smoking, physical activity, healthy diet, obesity, history of hypertension, and diabetes, were used to assess CVH. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Estimation for Dementia Screening. Inflammatory status was assessed based on a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test.
RESULTS
Among 2,622 total participants (mean age, 57.2 years; 1,792 women), 13%, 58%, and 29% had poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH, respectively. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that CVH was significantly associated with cognitive function only in women. A stratified analysis showed that cognitive impairment due to CVH was not associated with hs-CRP levels. When the same analyses were conducted for each CVH component, the only component affecting the association was hypertension history in men.
CONCLUSIONS
CVH is not significantly associated with cognitive decline in the middle-aged Korean population. Inflammation did not play a significant modifying role in this relationship.
Summary
Korean summary
• 본 연구는 심뇌혈관 및 대상질환원인연구센터(Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, CMERC) 코호트의 기반조사 데이터를 활용하여, 심혈관계건강과 인지기능 사이의 연관성을 한국 도시거주 중년인구에서 확인하고, 염증 지표인 고감도C반응단백 (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP) 수준에 따른 차이를 탐색하였다. • 남성과 여성 모두에서 CANHEART health index가 낮은 집단에서 인지기능이 평균적으로 더 낮았으나, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. • 염증 수준에 따른 심혈관계건강과 인지기능 사이의 연관성은 해당 연구에서는 확인할 수 없었다.
Key Message
In the Korean middle-aged population, poor cardiovascular health (CVH) assessed by CANHEART health index was associated with low cognitive function, but not statistically significant. Further investigation is suggested to develop CVH index specified in Korean populations and to estimate the association between CVH and cognitive function in larger population.

Citations

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  • Cardiovascular disease risk models and dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review
    Ruirui Jia, Qing Wang, Hengyi Huang, Yanli Yang, Yuet Foon Chung, Tao Liang
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Estimated incidence of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in Korea
Jin-Kyoung Oh, Hwa Young Choi, Minji Han, Yuh-Seog Jung, Sang Joon Lee, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021019.   Published online March 10, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021019
  • 29,294 View
  • 371 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 and is potentially preventable through vaccination. This study estimated the incidence of juvenile-onset RRP before the implementation of the national HPV vaccination program in Korea.
METHODS
We conducted a cohort study using claims data provided by a mandatory insurance program to estimate the incidence of RRP and associated healthcare use. Patients with juvenile RRP were defined as those aged ≤12 years with ≥2 admissions or ≥2 outpatient visits during which they received the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code for benign neoplasms of the larynx (D14.1).
RESULTS
During 2002-2014, 123 children (74 boys and 49 girls) were diagnosed with RRP. The patients had a mean of 6.5 person-years of follow-up. The incidence was estimated at 0.30/100,000 person-years. The median age at diagnosis was 4.0 years (mean, 4.3). Thirty-six (29.3%) patients underwent surgery, including 23 patients (18.7%) who underwent 2 or more surgical procedures. Severe disease, measured by more frequent surgical procedures and shorter time intervals between consecutive operations, was associated with a younger age at diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
The estimated incidence of juvenile-onset RRP in Korea was similar to that reported in other countries. The RRP burden should continue to be monitored using National Health Insurance Service claims data.
Summary
Korean summary
재발성호흡기유두종증은 사람유두종바이러스에 의해 발현되는 희귀 질환이다. 건강보험 청구자료를 활용하여 2002년 이후 출생아 전수 중 2014년까지 후두양성종양으로 2회이상 입원 또는 2회이상 외래진료를 받은 어린이 코호트를 관찰하여 재발성호흡기유두종증 발생률을 추정하였다. 총 123명의 재발성호흡기유두종증 환자가 발생하였으며 (발생률 10만인년당 0.30명), 평균 첫 진단시기는 4세인 것으로 나타났다. 2회 이상 수술적 치료를 받은 경우는 18.7%였다.
Key Message
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). We conducted a cohort study using claims data to estimate the incidence of RRP. Patients with juvenile RRP were defined as those aged ≤12 years with ≥2 admissions or ≥2 outpatient visits with diagnosis for benign neoplasms of the larynx. During 2002-2014, 123 children were diagnosed with RRP. The incidence was estimated at 0.30/100,000 person-years. The median age at diagnosis was 4.0 years. Twenty three patients (18.7%) underwent 2 or more surgical procedures.

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  • Risk factors for perioperative respiratory adverse events and unplanned intensive care admission in children with juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis undergoing carbon dioxide laser resection
    Xueying Yang, Dongni Xu, Rongjian Zhan, Yanan Lu
    World Journal of Pediatric Surgery.2026; 9(2): e001115.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of CO2 Laser and Microdebrider in the Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Retrospective Analysis
    Kadylova Yerkezhan, Nazym S. Sagandykova, Madina Baurzhan, Aigerim Mashekova, Bekpan Almat, Autalipov Darkhan, Olzhas Mukhmetov, Damir Abdrakhmanov, Eddie Yin Kwee Ng, Sayagul Kairgeldina
    Bioengineering.2026; 13(6): 713.     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in China, 2011-2021: A hospital-based nationwide study
    Changchang Dun, Yutong Li, Wenbin Lei, Yun Li, Hui Yang, Yalikun Yasen, Nilipaer Alimu, Dapeng Lei, Dongyan Chen, Qingquan Hua, Zhen Xu, Zhe Zhang, Guangke Wang, Weiwei Wang, Li Shi, Xin Wang, Xuelian Zhao, Shangying Hu, Xiaoguang Ni, Jie Zhang, Jun Wang,
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2025; 158: 107972.     CrossRef
  • Descriptive analysis of pediatric laryngeal papillomatosis in Republic of Moldova: epidemiological and clinical characteristics
    Daniela Cernev, Vasile Cabac
    Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences.2025; 12(4): 34.     CrossRef
  • "A systematic literature review of the epidemiology, clinical, economic and humanistic burden in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis”
    Olga Ovcinnikova, Kayla Engelbrecht, Meenu Verma, Rishabh Pandey, Edith Morais
    Respiratory Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Global Epidemiology of HPV-Associated Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis and Effect of Vaccination
    RY Seedat, FG Dikkers
    Future Virology.2022; 17(5): 265.     CrossRef
Estimation of the number of working population at high-risk of COVID-19 infection in Korea
Juyeon Lee, Myounghee Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020051.   Published online July 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020051
  • 31,683 View
  • 424 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to identify occupational groups at high-risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Korea, to estimate the number of such workers, and to examine the prevalence of protective resources by employment status.
METHODS
Based on the sixth Standard Occupational Classification codes, 2015 census data were linked with data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey, which measured how frequently workers directly come into contact with people other than fellow employees in the workplace.
RESULTS
A total of 30 occupational groups, including 7 occupations from the healthcare and welfare sectors and 23 from other sectors, were classified as high-risk occupational groups involving frequent contact with people other than fellow employees in the workplace (more than half of the working hours). Approximately 1.4 million (women, 79.1%) and 10.7 million workers (46.3%) are employed in high-risk occupations. Occupations with a larger proportion of women are more likely to be at a high-risk of infection and are paid less. For wage-earners in high-risk occupations, protective resources to deal with COVID-19 (e.g., trade unions and health and safety committees) are less prevalent among temporary or daily workers than among those with permanent employment.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the large number of Koreans employed in high-risk occupations and inequalities within the working population, the workplace needs to be the key locus for governmental actions to control COVID-19, and special consideration for vulnerable workers is warranted.
Summary
Korean summary
코로나바이러스감염증-19 (코로나19) 유행 상황에서 감염 고위험 직업군 종사자는 보건의료복지 업종에서 총 140만 명, 그 외 업종에서 총 1,073만 명으로 추정된다. 고위험 사업장에 대해 정부가 안전보건 관리·감독·규제 및 지원 체계를 수립하고, 방역대책의 중심에 노동자의 안전과 건강 보호를 두는 관점의 전환이 필요하다. 우선 당장 역학조사 과정에서 직업관련 요소를 자세히 확인하고, 직업관련 감염에 대한 모니터링과 그에 걸맞는 대책을 마련해야 한다.

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    Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-assessed measurements of physical activity according to socio-demographic characteristics in Korean adults
Seung Won Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Bo Mi Song, Ho Jae Lee, Hye Yoon Bae, Ji Hye Park, Hye Rin Choi, Jae Won Yang, Ji Eun Heo, So Mi Jemma Cho, Ga Bin Lee, Diana Huanan Hidalgo, Tae-Hoon Kim, Kyung Soo Chung, Hyeon Chang Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018060.   Published online November 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018060
  • 30,268 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies have shown relatively low correlations between self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity (PA). However, this association differs by socio-demographic factors, and this relationship has not been fully investigated in the general population. Thus, we investigated the correlation between self-reported and accelerometer-assessed PA and whether it differed by demographic and socioeconomic factors among the Korean general population.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 623 participants (203 men and 420 women) aged 30 to 64 years, who completed a PA questionnaire and wore a wrist-worn accelerometer on the non-dominant wrist for 7 days. We examined the agreement for metabolic equivalent task minutes per week (MET-min/wk) between the 2 measures and calculated Spearman correlation coefficients according to demographic and socioeconomic factors.
RESULTS
The kappa coefficient between tertiles of self-reported and accelerometer-assessed total MET-min/wk was 0.16 in the total population, suggesting overall poor agreement. The correlation coefficient between the 2 measurements was 0.26 (p<0.001) in the total population, and the correlation tended to decrease with increasing age (p for trend <0.001) and depression scores (p for trend <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
We found a low correlation between self-reported and accelerometer-assessed PA among healthy Korean adults, and the correlation decreased with age and depression score. When studying PA using accelerometers and/or questionnaires, age and depression need to be considered, as should differences between self-reported and accelerometer-assessed PA.
Summary
Korean summary
역학연구에서 신체활동량 측정에 가장 많이 사용되는 설문조사와 가속도계 착용법인데, 두 가지 방법으로 측정한 신체활동량은 상관성이 그리 높지 않으며, 대상자 특성에 따라서도 일치도가 다른 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서, 비교적 건강한 중년의 한국 성인을 대상으로 자가설문과 가속도계 조사를 사용해 측정한 신체활동량의 관련성을 조사해보았다. 이 연구는 전향적 코호트 연구의 기반조사 결과를 이용한 단면연구로, 지역사회 거주하는 30-64세 성인 623명(남성203명, 여성 420명)을 대상으로 하였으며, 신체활동을 자가보고 설문조사와 3축 가속도계를 7일간 손목에 연속착용하여 측정하고 두 방법으로 측정한 신체활동량을 비교하였다. 전체 대상자에서 두 방법으로 측정한 신체활동량 삼분위(tertile) 값의 일치도를 조사했을 때 Kappa 통계량은 0.16 이었으며 Spearman 상관계수는 0.26 (p<0.001)이었다. 나이가 많을수록 우울증상이 많을수록 두 방법 간 일치도와 상관성이 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

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Experience of 16 years and its associated challenges in the Field Epidemiology Training Program in Korea
Moo-Sik Lee, Eun-Young Kim, Sang-Won Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017058.   Published online December 25, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017058
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The field epidemiologist system of South Korea, which employs public health doctors who are relatively more readily available, was created in 1999 to ensure a ready supply of experts for epidemiological investigations and enable an effective response for new and reemerging infectious diseases. However, the 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome revealed limitations in the existing systems of management of field epidemiologists and communicable diseases.
METHODS
The present study aims to evaluate data on current states, administrative reports, and other literature on the field epidemiologist system that has been in place in South Korea for 16 years since 1999 and to suggest appropriate future improvements in this system.
RESULTS
By suggesting methods to evaluate the field epidemiologist system and training programs and by suggesting ways for the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct evaluations on its own, the present study provides supporting evidence for improvement of systems for training of experts in epidemiological investigations. Moreover, based on the findings, this study also suggests methods to systematically train experts in communicable diseases management and a sustainable system to establish the basis of and develop strategies for a systematic and phased management of field epidemiologist training programs.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests the possibility of establishing dedicated training facilities, revising the guidelines on training and improvement of the competency of public health experts, while not limiting the scope of application to communicable diseases.
Summary
Korean summary
목적 : 이 연구는 한국의 역학조사관제도의 바람직한 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1999년 이후 16년간 한국에서 진행되어왔던 역학조사관 제도의 운영 현황자료, 각종 문헌, 행정보고서 등을 리뷰하고, 분석 및 평가하였다. 결과 : 연구 분석결과를 활용하여 보다 체계적인 감염병 관리 전문가 양성을 위한 방안과 역학조사관 교육 프로그램의 체계적인, 단계적인 운영 기반을 구축하고 전략 개발을 위한 지속가능한 수행체계를 제안하였으며, 역학조사관 제도 및 교육프로그램의 평가 방법을 제시하고, 향후 질병관리본부에서 자체적인 평가방향을 제안하였다. 또한 감염병에만 국한되지 않는 공중보건 전문인력 양성 및 역량 강화의 가이드라인 개정 및 전문 교육기관 설립에 대한 가능성을 제안함으로써 한국의 역학조사 전문인력 양성을 위한 제도개선을 위한 근거 자료를 마련하였다. 결론 : 이 연구에서 제안된 안을 바탕으로 향후 한국의 역학조사관제도의 적극적인 개선이 요구된다.

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Differences in agricultural activities related to incidence of scrub typhus between Korea and Japan
Chang-Jin Ma, Gyung-Jae Oh, Gong-Unn Kang, Jeong Mi Lee, Da-Un Lee, Hae-Sung Nam, So Yeon Ryu, Young-Hoon Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017051.   Published online November 9, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017051
  • 28,956 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to establish a basis for improving or strengthening the preventive strategy against scrub typhus in Korea by comparing and analyzing the difference of prevention behaviors contributing to the occurrence of scrub typhus in Japan and Korea.
METHODS
The survey was carried out in Jeollabuk-do, which is a high risk and high incidence area, and Fukuoka Prefecture, which is a high risk and low incidence area. The study included 406 Korean farmers and 216 Japanese farmers. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys by interviewers who had completed standardized education.
RESULTS
Korean farmers have a higher percentage of agricultural working posture that involved contact with weeds than Japanese farmers (p<0.05). The frequency and proportion of weeding were lower in Korean farmers than in Japanese farmers (p<0.05). The level of knowledge about scrub typhus was significantly higher among Korean farmers than among Japanese farmers (p<0.05). Mostly, the behavior of agriculture work was more appropriate for Japanese farmers than for Korean farmers (p<0.05). The total average level of agricultural work was lower in Korea than in Japan, lower in men than women, and lower in part-time farmers than full-time farmers (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that it is reasonable to develop and provide a program that can improve the level of preventive behavior taking into consideration the characteristics of the subject in order to reduce the incidence of diseases in high-risk areas for scrub typhus.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 쯔쯔가무시증 발생 위험은 공통으로 존재하나 발생률 및 발생 건수에서는 현저한 차이를 나타내는 한·일 농업인들의 털진드기 매개체에 대한 접촉과 관련된 행태나 환경 관리의 차이를 파악하였다. 연구결과 한국은 일본에 비해 환경관리 수준이 낮고, 풀숲과 접촉할 수 있는 농작업 자세를 더 취하고 있었으며, 쯔쯔가무시증에 대한 지식 수준은 높으나 예방행태 수행 수준은 낮았다. 이 연구는 한국의 농업인들의 쯔쯔가무시증 발생을 억제하기 위해서는 예방행태를 향상시킬 수 있는 프로그램 개발과 제공이 필요함을 제시하고 있다.

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    Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
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    Fen Lin, Kailun Pan, Jian Li, Chunying Wu, Qingfeng Cai, Hua Xue, Mingpeng Li, Renfa Huang
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    Jeehyun Kim, Penelope Vounatsou, Byung Chul Chun
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    Carlo Perrone, Nipaphan Kanthawang, Phaik Yeong Cheah, Daranee Intralawan, Sue J Lee, Supalert Nedsuwan, Benjarat Fuwongsitt, Tri Wangrangsimakul, Rachel C Greer
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Cohort Profile
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) cohort: study protocol and results of the first 3 years of enrollment
Jee-Seon Shim, Bo Mi Song, Jung Hyun Lee, Seung Won Lee, Ji Hye Park, Dong Phil Choi, Myung Ha Lee, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Sungha Park, Won-Woo Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017016.   Published online April 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017016
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
Although the etiologies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are widely understood, the goal of finding a globally effective solution for preventing CVD is unrealistic. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a community-based prospective study on the prevention and management of CVD in Korean adults. This study was designed to recruit 8,000 healthy adults over the course of 5 years. The baseline assessment includes a wide range of established CVD risk factors, including demographic characteristics, medical history, health behaviors, psychological conditions, body size and composition, blood pressure, the augmentation index, carotid ultrasonography, an electrocardiogram, and biochemical indicators, as well as some novel factors, such as social network characteristics, exposure to environmental pollutants, inflammatory markers, hemostatic markers, and immunosenescence markers. Annual telephone interviews and follow-up health examinations at 5-year intervals after the baseline assessment are planned to collect information on changes in health status and its determinants. Additionally, indirect follow-up using secondary data sources will be conducted to obtain information on health services utilization and death. So far, more than 6,000 adults have been enrolled during the first three and a half years, and almost all participants have been tracked by annual telephone follow-up surveys. The data have been uploaded to iCReaT, the clinical research information management system of the Korea National Institute of Health.
Summary
Korean summary
심뇌혈관 및 대사질환 원인연구센터(Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center)에서는 심뇌혈관질환 및 대사질환의 새로운 발병 원인을 찾고 효율적인 예방 전략을 개발하고자 코호트(CMERC cohort와 CMERC-HI cohort)를 구축하였다. 지역사회에 거주하는 만 30-64세 건강한 성인을 대상으로 하는 CMERC cohort는 2013년부터 2018년 까지 총 5년 동안 8000명 등록을 목표로 기반조사를 진행 중이며(2016년 12월 현재 6000여명 등록), 이미 알려진 다양한 위험요인 이외에 사회연결망 정보와 면역노화 관련 바이오마커 등 새로운 위험 요인에 관한 광범위한 정보가 수집되고 있다. CMERC cohort는 심뇌혈관 및 대사질환 예방연구의 기초자료로 활용되어 과학적 데이터에 근거한 예방 전략 수립에 기여하게 될 것이다.

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Original Article
Admission route and use of invasive procedures during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 2007-2011 National Health Insurance database
Hyungseon Yeom, Dae Ryong Kang, Seong Kyung Cho, Seung Won Lee, Dong-Ho Shin, Hyeon Chang Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015022.   Published online May 1, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015022
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to investigate trends in admission to the emergency department and the use of invasive or surgical procedures during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Korea.
METHODS
The National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database between 2007 and 2011 was used. We identified all admission claims that included codes from the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases beginning with I21 as the primary or secondary diagnosis. Information about the admission route, admission date, discharge date, and whether coronary artery angiography, angioplasty, or bypass surgery was performed was also obtained from the NHI database.
RESULTS
Of the 513,886 relevant admission claims over the five years encompassed by this study, 295,001 discrete episodes of admission for AMI were identified by analyzing the date and length of each admission and the interval between admissions. The number of AMI admissions gradually decreased from 66,883 in 2007 to 47,656 in 2011. The number and proportion of admissions through the emergency department also decreased from 38,118 (57.0%) in 2007 to 24,001 (50.4%) in 2011. However, during the same period, admissions in which invasive or surgical procedures were performed increased from 15,342 (22.9%) to 17,505 (36.7%).
CONCLUSIONS
The reported numbers of emergency department visits and admissions for AMI decreased from 2007 to 2011. However, only a small portion of the patients underwent invasive or surgical procedures during hospitalization, although the number of admissions involving invasive or surgical procedures has increased. These findings suggest that simply counting the number of admission claims cannot provide valid information on trends in AMI occurrence.
Summary
Korean summary
급성심근경색 환자의 급성기 의료이용행태를 조사하기 위해 2007년부터 2011년까지 급성심근경색증 진단명(ICD-10 코드 I21.x)을 포함하는 입원 청구자료 513,886건을 분석하였다. 총 295,001건의 독립된 입원 에피소드를 추출하여 분석한 결과, 5년동안 전체 입원건수와 응급실 경유 입원건수는 감소한 반면, 진단 또는 치료 목적의 침습적 시술을 동반한 입원은 증가하였다. 건강보험청구자료를 이용하여 급성심근경색증 발생 규모를 파악할 때, 진단명만으로는 정확한 추계가 어려우며 관련 시술 등의 의료이용 정보를 추가하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

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Lecture
Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis
Sophia Seung-yoon Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014038.   Published online December 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014038
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AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
Summary
Korean summary
퍼지셋 질적비교연구(Fs/QCA)는 사회과학 방법론에서 사례중심의 질적분석과 변수중심의 양적분석을 통합하기 위해 개발된 시도로 주요 특징으로는 양적 분석과 비교할 때, 결합된 요인들의 인과관계가 내포하는 인과적 복합성을 살펴보기 위하여 연구자에게 더 많은 자유도를 허용한다는 것이다. 또한 퍼지셋 질적비교연구는 사례중심 연구가 이론화 및 과학적 측정에 있어 갖게 되는 한계를 인식하여, 경험적 증거를 통한 과학성의 확보를 위해 집합소속 정도에 대한 눈금매기기를 실시한다. 그러면서도 동시에 변수중심의 연구가 갖는 한계로 지적되는 방법론과 이론과의 연결성을 높이기 위해 집합 이론적 접근을 시도한다. 즉, 눈금매기기를 통해 변수중심 연구의 속성을 가지면서도 집합 이론을 활용하여 사례중심 연구의 속성도 내포하고 있다고 볼 수 있는 것이다.

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Cohort Profile
The Korean social life, health and aging project-health examination cohort
Ju-Mi Lee, Won Joon Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim, Wungrak Choi, Jina Lee, Kiho Sung, Sang Hui Chu, Yeong-Ran Park, Yoosik Youm
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014003.   Published online May 13, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014003
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) is a population-based longitudinal study of health determinants among elderly Koreans. The target population of the KSHAP are people aged 60 years or older and their spouses living in a rural community of Korea. A complete enumeration survey was conducted in the first wave of the KSHAP on 94.7% (814 of 860) of the target population between December 2011 and July 2012. The KSHAP-Health Examination (KSHAP-HE) cohort consists of 698 people who completed additional health examinations at a public health center (n=533) or at their home (n=165). Face-to-face questionnaires were used to interview participants on their demographics, social network characteristics, medical history, health behaviors, cognitive function, and depression symptoms. Health center examinations included anthropometric measures, body impedance analysis, resting blood pressure measurement, radial artery tonometry, bone densitometry, the timed up-and-go test, and fasting blood analysis. However, only anthropometric measures, blood pressure measurement, and non-fasting blood analysis were available for home health examinations. Collaboration is encouraged and access to the KSHAP baseline data will be available via the website of the Korean Social Science Data Archive (http://www.kossda.or.kr).
Summary
Korean summary
한국인의 사회적 삶, 건강과 노화에 대한 조사(Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, KSHAP) 연구는 노인 건강의 사회적 결정요인과 그 상호작용을 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 사회연결망분석(social network analysis) 기법을 도입하였다. 사회연결망분석은 개인간의 관계를 네트워크로 파악하는 개념으로, 본 연구에서는 지역사회 전체의 사회연결망 안에서 개인의 특성 및 개인간 상호작용의 특성이 신체적 정신적 건강에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 한다. 대상인구집단은 인천광역시 강화군 일개 면 지역의 60세 이상 인구 및 그 배우자이며, 전체 860명의 모집단에서 814명(94.7%)의 건강면접조사 및 사회연결망 분석을 완료하였으며, 이 가운데 보건지소(533명) 또는 가정(165명)에서 추가 건강검진을 수행한 698명을 대상으로 KSHAP-Health Examination (KSHAP-HE) 코호트를 구축하였다.

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Original Articles
Factors Associated with a Low-sodium Diet: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Won Joon Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sun Min Oh, Dong Phil Choi, Jaelim Cho, Il Suh
Epidemiol Health. 2013;35:e2013005.   Published online June 20, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2013005
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Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>The low-sodium diet is a known preventive factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with low-sodium diets should be identified to reduce sodium intake effectively. This study was conducted to identify factors correlated with a low-sodium diet.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a total of 14,539 Koreans aged 20 years or older, who participated in the Fourth (2007-2009) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A low-sodium diet was defined as having ≤2,000 mg/day based on 24-hour recalls. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess sex, age, education, number of family members, household income, occupation, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, frequency of eating out, and hypertension management status for their associations with low-sodium diets.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>Among all participants, only 13.9% (n=2,016) had low-sodium diets. In the multivariate analysis, 40-49 years of age, clerical work jobs, higher total energy intake, and frequent eating out were inversely associated with low-sodium diets. And female sex and living-alone were associated with low-sodium diets. Lower frequency of eating out was significantly associated with low-sodium diets, even after adjusting for total energy intake and other potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for a low-sodium diet were 1.97 (1.49-2.61), 1.47 (1.13-1.91), 1.24 (0.96-1.61), and 1.00 (reference) in people who eat out <1 time/month, 1-3 times/month, 1-6 times/week, and ≥1 time/day, respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Our study suggests that sex, age, number of family members, occupation, total energy intake, and lower frequency of eating out were associated with a low-sodium diet in Korean adults.</p></sec>
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    Taisun Hyun, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Heekyong Ro, Young-Hee Han, Yeon-Kyung Lee
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  • Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students
    Minchan Wu, Yue Xi, Jiaqi Huo, Caihong Xiang, Cuiting Yong, Jiajing Liang, Hanshuang Zou, Yunfeng Pan, Qingqing Xie, Qian Lin
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    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2022; 18(6): 5.     CrossRef
  • Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-h urinary sodium level among adults speaking different dialects from the Chaoshan region of southern China
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Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Influenza A (H1N1) Cases during the 2009 Pandemic in Korea
Jun Kil Choi, Sang Won Lee, Bo Youl Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012009.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012009
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Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Quarantine measure for prevention of epidemic disease and further evaluations of their efficiency are possible only by elaborating analyses of imported cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptive epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases imported to Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>We collected two sets of data. The first set, comprised daily reported cases of H1N1 obtained from local cities in accordance with government policy about mandatory reporting of all H1N1 cases during May 1 to August 19, 2009. The second set, including 372 confirmed imported H1N1 cases, identified from 13 National Quarantine Stations in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from May 24 to December 31, 2009. However, given the lack of information on the nature of the imported H1N1 cases from the two data sets during the over lapping period from May 24 to August 19, we express the number of imported cases as a range for this period.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>We estimated that the number of imported H1N1 cases from May 1 to August 19, 2009, was between 1,098 and 1,291 and the total number of cases was 2,409 to 2,580. We found the number of imported cases was beginning to diminish as of August. A analysis of the second data set showed that the distribution of sex was similar (males 50.7%, females 49.3%) and the age distribution from 20 to 59 was 61.5% and that of 60 and over was 0.8% of the 372 cases. We identified 25 countries where people infected with H1N1 traveled and 67.5% were in Asia. But the proportion of cases (/1,000) by region shows Oceania (0.199), South America (0.118), Southeast Asia (0.071), North America (0.049), Europe (0.035), and Northeast Asia (0.016) in that order. The order of H1N1 peaking was the Southern Hemisphere, Tropics, and the Nothern Hemisphere.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>This study provided information that could make possible the evaluation of the government quarantine measure for stopping imported disease from causing community-acquired spread in the future.</p></sec>
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  • Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea
    Won Mo Jang, Deok Hyun Jang, Jin Yong Lee
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Related Factors with Decreased Physical Function in the Community-Dwelling Elderly in Chuncheon: Hallym Aging Study(HAS).
Sun Ae Jeon, Jin Young Jeong, Seok Won Park, Young Ho Choi, Moon Gi Choi, Kyung Soon Hong, Sang Kon Lee, Hyun Ah Kim, Dong Hyun Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):216-229.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.216
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Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the related factors with the decreased physical function in the community- dwelling elderly in Chuncheon. We used data obtained from Hallym Aging Study(HAS) from January to May in 2007. The participants were 505 elderly aged 65 years or over after excluding those who didn't complete physical function test and aged < 65. The measurement of physical function was based on the "Health Aging and Body Composition Study Physical Performance Battery(H-ABC PPB)" that included semi-tandem stance, tandem stance, single leg stance, 6m general walk, 6m narrow walk, and chair stand test. And we also included grip strength test. Overall physical function based on H-ABC PPB decreased with age in both men and women. Smoking appeared to increase the risk of decreased function of chair stand in women (adjusted OR=3.8, 95% CI=1.2-12.6). Regular exercise was found to reduce the risk of decreased physical function in both men(Balance OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.2-1.0; Usual walk OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2- 0.9) and women(Balance OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-1.0; Usual walk OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1- 0.9); Narrow walk OR=0.2, 95% CI=0.1-0.8). Higher level of education seemed to be associated with higher functional performance. It needs further researches on the effect of education on the physical function of the elderly in this population.
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    Mi-yeon Yu, Jae Hyeon Park, Yong Chul Kim, Jae Yoon Park, Ran-hui Cha
    Trials.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A First-year Cohort Study based on Health Behaviors of Older Adults in an Urban City: Gender and Age Differences
    Ji Yeon Ha, Belong Cho, Misoon Song, Jaeyoung Lim, Ga Hye Kim, Young-soon Jung, Yeon-Hwan Park
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2017; 29(5): 505.     CrossRef
Review
A review of mathematical models and strategies for Pandemic Influenza Control.
Seong Sun Kim, Sang Won Lee, Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):156-167.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.156
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Abstract
Despite many countries' current effort to make mathematical models for pandemic influenza (PI) and predict the impact of an outbreak, natural history of PI is remains incomplete, so that any assumption or model is unable to completely predict the impact. Our objective is to review and summarize previous studies on parameters and models of PI, and to make suggestions for the controls in order to decrease the impact of PI. We searched PubMed to retrieve literature about the PI model systematically . Reference lists and review papers on the topic were searched, as well. We found 35 articles that examined the PI model over the period of May 2003 to August 2008. We reviewed modelling methods that were focused on the PI, and their parameters i.e. latent period, and basic reproductive number (R0). Then, we summarized PI controls: antivirals, vaccines, and social distancing. Recent studies showed with mathematical models that Targeted Antiviral Prophylaxis (TAP) is the best strategy for containing PI at the source. In case of an outbreak, quick measures of social distancing, including therapeutic and prophylatic antiviral for cases and closing contacts - school closure, workplace closure, border quarantine, and home isolation - were found to be most effective. We reviewed strengths and weaknesses of models that are adaptable in Korea, and summarized their parameters. It is our hope that these strategies with various interventions give important information for future preparation for and response to PI in Korea.
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  • Stochastic methods for epidemic models: An application to the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in Korea
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Original Article
Correlation between YMCA step-test and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) as measurement tools for cardiorespiratory.
On Lee, Sung Soo Kim, Yeon Soo Kim, Hyun Jin Son, Yu Mi Kim, Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(1):73-81.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.1.73
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine that YMCA step-test is useful method of cardiovascular fitness field-test for large scale study of epidemiology. 57 adults participated in this study. They are recruited considering subject's clinic status and gender proportion. Cardiorespiratory fitness of each participant was determined by grade exercise testing(GXT) with gas analysis and YMCA step-test. There are at least more two days an interval between the tests. Data were analyzed with a statistics program, SPSS version 14.0, by applying Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test and Fisher's exact test with a statistical significant level of alpha<.05. The results of this study were as followed. VO2max value exhibited significant correlation with YMCA step test scale(male : r =-.611, p=.001 ; female: r=-.656, p>.001). Our result is that validity of YMCA step-test is acceptable. YMCA step test is vary efficient as dimension of investigator's and subject's effort then the other field-test for assessment of cardiorespiratory. Therefore, Step test is useful for large scale study of epidemiology.
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Special editions
A follow-up study of a community hypertension control program in a Korean rural area (I)
Ki Soon Kim, Chang Up Park, Haeng Hoon Lee, Sung Ok Chung
Korean J Epidemiol. 1981;3(1):45-54.
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Abstract
For Hypertension patients registered in Yongjin Community Hypertension Control Program from Nov. 1979 until Oct. 1980, a follow-up investigation on treatment rate, change of blood pressure, incidence of stroke and case fatality rate during last one year was conducted. The Results were as follows: 1. Total number of patients registered in Yongjin Community Hypertension Control Program until Oct. 1981 was 324, 7.2% of target population 30 years or above in age. 2. Before registration 46.3% of registered knew that they were hypertensive and 64% among those who knew that they were hypertensive were not treated for their hypertension. 3. Eighty six percent of registered contacted with a team member of Yongjin Community Hypertension Control Program, but 27% sought medical care from the team for the disease during last one year. 4. Those who have diastolic hypertension sought mdhical care more frequently among hypertensive patents and those who have subjective symptoms due to hypertension sought the care twice as much double rate of treatment than those who didn’t have subjective symptoms. 5. Mean blood pressure at rescreening during Nov. 1981 was slightly lower than mean blood pressure at registration time, but the difference was not significant statistically. 6. The mean blood pressure of both groups illiterates and literate hypertensive patients decreased at rescreening time in the same degree. 7. Incidence rate of stroke among registered hypertensives was 7.2% and case fatality rate due to stroke was 68.4% during last one year. 8. Mean blood pressure of those who experienced stroke was significantly higher than those of who didn’t have experience of stroke, and 25% among those who have 160/95 mmHg or above blood pressure experienced stroke already or died of stroke.
Summary
Epidemiologic characteristics of the 1982 Japanese encephalitis epidemic occurred in Korea
Joung Soon Kim, In Sook Lee, Hyun Sool Lim, Chu Won Lee, Suk Woo Shin
Korean J Epidemiol. 1983;5(1):1-28.
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Abstract
In 1982, about 2,000 cases of Japanese encephalitis have occurred despite the governmental effort such as the early warning of the increased vector mosquito density, vaccination campaign and other control measures. Japanese encephalitis had been endemic in Korea with small and large epidemics since the JE virus was isolated in 1949; The JE cases had been remarkably reduced to a few hundred cases since 1969 for over a decade, which increased suddely in 1982. In order to identify responsible factors of the epidemic, all reported cases and a part of hospital patients through medical record survey were analysed. Cases suspicious of encephalitis were reported to Ministry of Health and Social Affairs through, national administrative channel and the final confirmation of the disease was based on the HI antiboy titer of which criteria were set up by the government; it was defined as true encephalitis case when the antibody titer was over 1 : 160 and the subsequent tests stowed fourfold increase in case the first test less than 1 : 160. The hospital medical record survey was carried out on 54% of all reported cases. Summary of the study results is as followings: Among 2975 reported cases about 40% of them were confirmed to be true Japanese encephalitis, about 20% were confirmed to be negative serologically, and the rest of the cases reported never been re-test following the first tests that were negative. Accordingly if the same positive rate is applied for the unconfirmed cases, the total true cases of Japanese encephlaitis estimated to be 2,112 cases. When confirmed cases were compared with total reported cases in the date of onset, age and sex specific incidence rate, duration between the first medical attendence and the onset, duration of hospital admission and the type of medical facility utilized, the both groups showed the similar patterns so that it was unable to characterize them separately. Only with the confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis the incidence rate of the disease was 3.1 per 100,000 population for whole Korean. The incidence rate varied by province from 2.0 in Gangweon to 7.1 in Chungbug Province; in the agricultural rural area the incidence rate was 3 times higher than in metropolitan area being the higher in South-western part of the country than Northeastern part. Also the disease started from the Southwest moving toward the Northeast which coincided with the time of vector mosquito density Peaks. The age specific incidence rates were higher among younger ages between 5 and 15 years and males 1.7 times higher than females. The majority(87%) of the patients had received medical attention within five days from the onset. The duration of hospital admission was 138.5 days. The case fatality rate was 3.3% being Higher among females, and younger children in females and older ages in males. Among total deaths about one third of death occurred within one week and 97% in two weeks. The sero-conversion for the specific antibody by the JE viral infection was found to be so slow that the serological test as the confirmatory evidence was inefficient; The positive conversion occurred in 46% of confirmed cases in one week and 78% in two weeks after the onset of the disease. The human epidemic of Japanese encephalitis showed association with the densities of pigs and vector population when data were comparatively analysed. The medical record survey in which 1692 cases out of 2,975 reported cases were included, showed that only 41% of them were confirmed as true Japanese encephalitis, 5% as non-encephalitis cases and 59% never had follow-up confirmatory test but negative in single serological test. The final diagnosis on discharge varied widely; Japanese encephalitis 32.6%, suspected Japanese encephalitis 6.6%, meningo-encephalitis 6.1%, viral encephalits 3.1%, encephalitis 23.6%, epidemic encephalitis 4.4%, and aseptic meningitis 5.5% which comprised 83% of total cases studied. Also the specific antibody positive rate varied by the final diagnosis ranging from 18% for aseptic meningitis to 62% for epidemic encephalitis. When these diseases were compared with each another in epidemiologic and clinical charateristics, they were very similar except meningo-encephalitis, viral encephalitis and aseptic meningitis that revealed a little differences in many aspects as presented in tables of text. This study was supported by Korean Institute of Population and Health.
Summary
Control measures of Japanese encephalitis in Korea
Chu Won Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1983;5(1):47-54.
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Abstract
Summary
Original Articles
The cancer registry program in Kangwha County: The first report (July 1982- June 1984)
Il Soon Kim, Han Joong Kim, Hee Chul Oh, Byong Soo Kim, Yoon Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1984;6(1):100-111.
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Abstract
The Cancer Registry Program in Kangwha County, the firs community based cancer registry program in Korea, has been launched since July 1, 1982. Two factors made it possible to develop this program in Kangwha County. One is that the county-wide compulsory health insurance program initiated by the government has been implemented in the county as an experiment from July 1, 1982. This health insurance program has largely removed the economic barrier of the people in the medical care utilization and also under the health insuraance program the medical utilization records are being piled up in the office of health insurance cooperatives in the form of the bill requested by the clinics and hospitals after they treat patients. The second factor is the availability of the community hospital in the county, which has been serving the Kangwha population for the past 5 years. This means that cancer patients in the county can easily seek medical care and their medical records re easily available. Since early 1970’s the mortality patterns of the Korean population has been changed from the infection diseases to the non-infections chronic diseases. Among chronic diseases stroke and malignant neoplasms have been reported to be the leading causes of death. It is, therefore, urgent for epidemiologist to collect very basic information on the magnitude and incidence of various such diseases for the epidemiologic studies and disease control as well. The first systematic step to challenge the cancer should be the cancer registry program. The number of target population of the Cancer Registry Program in Kangwha County is 88,851 as of December 31, 1983. The initial detection of cancer was made by reviewing all the bills requested from the various clinics and hospitals compiled in the office of the Regional Health Insurance Cooperatives. All the malignant neoplosms (ICD 140-208 in 9th edition) were included in the program. The diagnosis of cancer was confirmed by a team of physician and a nurse with the medical records kept in the clinics and hospitals based on the diagnostic criteria recommended by WHO. Home visitings were also made to those of cancer cases confirmed in every 6 months for the follow up and for the collection of relevant information directly from the patients. 223 cancer cases were registered during the first two years of the program. The annual incidence rate adjusted by the world population for male was 147.6 and for female 99.8 per 100,000 population. The most common cancer was the stomach cancer which comprised 37.7% of total cancer cases in both sexes. The annual incidence rate of the stomach cancer was 64.9 in male and 30.6 in female per 100,000 population. The lung cancer (24.3) and liver cancer(13.9) were the next common cancer in mate. The cervical cancer (19.7) was the second commonest cancer in female. The survival rates of patients with cancer after the appearance of the first symptom and also after the diagnosis were low in general due to the delayed detection and inadequate treatment. The medical seeking patterns were also studied. The small number of the target population appears to be one of the weak points of the Program. The complete follow up with home visiting is identified as the strong point of the program.
Summary
A study on the positive rate of HBsAg and Anti-HBs and the relationship between HBsAg positive and some liver function tests among the multiphasic health screening examinees
Se Hoon Lee, Chang Yong Cho, Kwang Ho Meng
Korean J Epidemiol. 1985;7(2):265-273.
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Abstract
Because of high positive rate of HBsAg among population, its relationship with liver disease and abnormal liver functions has been an important issue in recent years in Korea. To measure the positive rates of HBsAg and Anti-HBs by different population characteristics and to investigate the relationship of HBsAg positivity with liver functions 2,479 subjects who have visited Multiphasic Health Screening Unit, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital were studied. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1) Positive rate of HBsAg of total study subjects was 9.7%, and it was significantly higher in males(10.8%) than in females(7.4%). 2) In male aged 20~29, the positive rate of HBsAg was as high as 16.3, and it was gradually decreased as age increased. In female, however, there was the tendency of increment in positive rate of HBsAg as age increased. Positive rate of HBsAg was the highest in sales and service workers(12.1%) and the lowest in laborers and agricultural workers(8.3%). The difference was even statistically significant. 3) Positive rate of Anti-HBs in all study subjects was 37.4%, and those who revealed negative response both in HBsAg and Anti-HBs were 53.3%. 4) HBsAg positivity was statistically associated with abnormal values of liver function tests, such as SGOT, SGPT and TTT. Those with HBsAg positive have abnormal SGOT, SGPT and TTT odds radios of 2.87，2.67 and 2.70, respectively relative to those with HBsAg negative. These odds ratio was even increased to 4.18, 3.34 and 3.13 respectively if those with HBsAg positive and Anti-HBs negative were compared with those HBsAg negative and Anti-HBs positive.
Summary
Prevalence and changes of HBsAg and Anti-HBs for one year period in natural status and after hepatitis B vaccination
Il Soon Kim, Hee Choul Oh, Yoon Lee, Joo Duck Kim, Won Yong Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1987;9(1):40-48.
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Summary
A study on the status of reporting typhoid fever cases admitted
Yoon Goo Kim, Tae Wha Joung, Chul Song, Myung Won Lee, Joung Soon Kim, Dae Kyu Oh
Korean J Epidemiol. 1985;7(2):240-252.
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to find out current status of reporting and managing one of the most important communicable diseases in Korea, typhoid fever, as well as identifying reasons of poor reporting in order to provide necessary information for an improved reporting system. This study was carried out on typhoid fever patients who had been admitted to hospitals located in Seoul during the year of 1984. On the reasons and problems associated with poor reporting, the medical staff, both regular and house staff, were surveyed through structured self-recording questionnaire with the help of hospital administration offices. Information on the hospitalized cases were collected from laboratory and medical records and reported cases from health centers. The summarized results are as followings: 1) The total number of typhoid fever cases reported to the health centers and city government was 403 patients of whom only 103 cases(26%) were bacteriologically confirmed by isolating S. typhi. Eighty percent of these patients were reported by hospitals. 2) On the other hand, the total number of confirmed cases identified in study hospitals were 489 patiens among whom only 16.4% had been reported to the health centers. The reporting rate varied widely ranging from 0% to 57% by medica institute regardless of type of the hospital. 3) The analysis of the patient group revealed that there were more females than males and 56% of the patients belonged to the 20~39 years age group. There was no difference in person characteristics between reported and non-reported cases. The number of cases occurred by month did not show much difference although there was a tendency of clustering more cases in winter season. 4) The average duration of the illness from the onset to the hospital admission was about 12 days and 63% of these patiens had received medical care of some sort before the admission. Also the average duration of hospitalization was about 12 days. The duration of admission was significantly longer for reported group when compared with that of non-reported group (p<0.001). 5) Follow-up care for the discharged patients was done only for a part of patients (54%), the worst the follow-up stool cultures for only 11% of the patients. 6) The major reasons for not reporting typhoid fever cases stated by the medical doctors were complicated and bothersome administrative process demanded by health center when they report a case(47%) and possibility of misdiagnosis(28%). The most of the medical staff, however, strongly showed their insight or sense of responsibility for reporting communicable diseases. 7) The necessity of nurse epidemiologist employed in hospital for control of hospital infection and reporting communicable diseases was recognized by 62% of the doctors, and 52% of them showed a strong intention to adopt the system. The larger the hospitals the more doctors agreeing the new system, the nurse epidemiologist.
Summary
Epizootiology of canine leptospirosis in a rural area in Korea
Joung Soon Kim, Yong Heo, Byung Cheon Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1988;10(2):254-258.
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Abstract
Inspite of the fact that studies on human Leptospirosis in Korea has been accumulated especially following the year 1984 when the disease was firstly confirmed in this country by Kim et.al., recent reports on the Leptospirosis in animals are not available enough. As a part of the major research works designed to study the Leptospirosis in farm animals, the results were obtained from studies on 231 dogs in Hwasung-gun area. Bacterial isolation and determination of serum antibody levels were attempted. These results were then comparatively studied with the age, sex, species, general conditions, and the types of animal keeping. The findings are summarized as follows; 1) Two isolates were confirmed to be Leptospire by culturing the blood specimen in EMJH media. The dogs from which the bacteria were isolated were Korean native, female, 4 month old, and has been released without special care. And the rectal temperature of these animals were significantly higher than normal, which suggested that the animals were sick. 2) Anti-leptospire antibody positive rate for the dogs confirmed by MAT tests was 19.5%, 23% of these reacted with local L. icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni and 40% of them with local L. canicola. 3) Serum antibody positive rates were not significantly varied by sex and age. The antibody positive rates of the street dogs were significantly higher than those of dogs cared strictly at house. And all of the sero-positive dogs were native breed. These facts suggest that chance of exposure to the risky environment would be the key factor for the leptospirial infection.
Summary
Effects of examination stress on health practices.
Choong Won Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1996;18(1):95-100.
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Abstract
The present study studied the effects of examination stress on the health practices in 69 male medical students prospectively over 3 month period. Average age of the subjects was 23.4 years(range, 21 27). The questionnaires asking the health practices of the previous week were administered on three occasions, during the one week after the one-week midterm examination and examination-free periods of one month before and after examination. Increases in academic demands result in changes of health practices which were statistically significant increased consumption of smoking and mixed drinks and frequency of missed breakfast, and decreases in alcoholic beverage consumption, hours of sleeping and exercise as well as consumption of vegetables, principal foods and oils. These result support the hypotheses that examination stress may exert negative effects on the health practices.
Summary
Relations of Items of Serum Chemistry to Hypertension.
Dong Hoon Shin, Young Hee Lee, Suk Kwon Shu, Choon Won Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 1994;16(2):155-162.
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Abstract
Exploratory analysis was conducted in a health screening data which had been collected in residents of Taegu city in 1986 to seek out items of serum chemistry associated with hypertension. Six-hundred residents mere than 20 years of age were sampled by the multistage cluster sampling method. Because blood sampling and blood pressure measurements were possible in 384 residents of 600, the rest of 216(36%) were replaced with the healthy visitors to the Department of Health checkup, matched with age and sex. Fivehundred eighty subjects were used in the defined above systolic blood pressure 141mmHg and/or diastolic pressure 91mmHg. The most common age group was under 29 years of age in both sexes, with 103(38.3%) in males and 125(40.2%) in females. Mean body weight of males was Hypertensives were 24(8. in males and 21(6.8%) in females. The items of serum chemistry which showed p values less than 0.25 were glucose, albumin, total cholesterol, ALP and AST in males and glucose, creatinine, albumin, total cholesterol, AST and ALT in females. After controlling age and body weight, glucose and AST showed slightly decreased regression coefficients(beta=0.030, S.E.=0.018, beta= 0.021, S.E.=0.012, respectively) and p values 0.09, 0.08 respectively while albumin, total cholesterol and ALP showed substantially larger p values than unadjusted ones in males. After controlling age and body weight, total cholesterol only remained statistically significant (beta=0.015, S. E. =0. 007, p=0.04). These results suggested that certain items of serum chemistry might be associated with hypertension.
Summary
Development of Risk Prediction Model for Cardiovascular Disease Using Intima Media Thickness of Carotid Artery Among Community-Dwelling Elderly.
Jin Young Jeong, Kyung Soon Hong, Soong Nang Jang, Young Ho Choi, Moon Gi Choi, Sang Kon Lee, Hyun Ah Kim, Seok Won Park, Na Rae Hong, Dong Hyun Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(2):187-199.
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Abstract
PURPOSE
This study was performed to develop risk prediction model for cardiovascular disease using intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery among the community dwelling elderly.
METHODS
Follow-up survey was conducted in 2007 to measure the IMT of carotid artery, which is known as a preclinical marker of atherosclerotic change, among participants at the baseline survey of Hallym Aging Study (HAS) in 2004. They were categorized into two groups; increased IMT > or = 0.9 mm and normal IMT < 0.9 mm. To evaluate which factors are independently related with the increased IMT, multiple logistic regression analysis was done. Based on the regression coefficients of these factors weighed by the magnitude of the effect estimates, we calculated the risk scores for increased IMT for every participants. ROC curve was plotted for the each cutoff point of risk scores and its fitness was tested using Area Under the Curve (AUC). Finally, we calculated risk ratios for the increased IMT according to the level of risk based on the risk scores.
RESULTS
Several factors were found as related factors for the increased IMT in the multiple logistic regression: age (beta=0.15), cholesterol (beta=0.01), insulin (beta=0.13), and pulse pressure (beta=0.90) for men, and age (beta=0.08), family history of diabetes mellitus (beta=0.94) and stroke (beta=0.79), alcohol drinking (beta=0.39), and high cholesterol (beta=0.77) for women. We assigned the weighed value for each factors. The average risk scores were 14.48 (range 9.69-18.76) for men and 4.59 (range 2.41-7.48) for women. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) were 0.77 for men and 0.71 for women. We also observed the higher risk of increased IMT as the risk scores increased.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results, we expect to predict the level of the risk for the increased IMT, which is preclinical marker for atherosclerotic change, among the elderly.
Summary
The Association Between Adiponectin and Diabetes in the Korean Population.
Sun Ha Jee, Hee Yeon Lee, Sun Ju Lee, Ji Eun Yun, Eun Jung Jee, Hye Yun Song, Sang Yeun Kim, Jungyong Park, Hyon Suk Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(2):176-186.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND
As indicators of obesity, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and adiponectin are well known risk factor for diabetes mellitus. The objectives of this study were to measure the independent association between these obesity indicators and diabetes and to examine the combined effect of these indicators on diabetes in a Korean population.
METHODS
The WC, BMI, and serum adiponectin were measured in 6,505 healthy Koreans and were classified into tertile groups for men and women. The independent and combined associations of the obesity indicators with diabetes were measured using logistic regression analyses. Diabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose greater than 126 mg/dL or taking medication.
RESULTS
Levels of adiponectin were inversely associated with BMI and WC and directly associated with age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol (P <0.001). After adjusting for age, WC, and other lifestyle factors, low levels of adiponectin were associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes. Further adjustment for HDL cholesterol and triglyceride attenuated this association in both men and women. The best cut-off value of adiponectin in terms of identifying the presence of diabetes was 5.5 /ml with a sensitivity and specificity of 46.7% and 63.9% for men and 9.5 /ml with a sensitivity and specificity of 68.2% and 55.2 for women.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that adiponectin was associated with diabetes. The association was independent of WC and was partly modified by HDL and triglyceride. There were no effect modifications of adiponectin with WC on diabetes.
Summary
Development of ELISA-kit of Quantitative Analysis for Adiponectin and Their Correlation with Cardiovascular Risk Factors.
Sun Ha Jee, Seungbok Lee, Sungsik Min, Jungyong Park, Hyon Suk Kim, Sang Yeun Kim, Ji Eun Yun, Sun Ju Lee, Eun Jung Jee, Hee Yeon Lee, Hye Yun Song
Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(2):165-175.
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Abstract
PURPOSE
S: To develop a rapid, sensitive, qualitative ELISA-kit for serum adiponectin and examine correlation with adiponectin and cardiovascular risk factors.
METHODS
On the base of monoclonal antibodies against adiponectin, apply indirect ELISA to study the performance parameter of the kit. The correlation was examined between adiponectin and cardiovascular risk factors including waist circumference, body mass index, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol.
RESULTS
The limited concentration of detection of the ELISA-kit was 1ug/ml. Linearity with R&D system and AdipoGen with this ELISA-kit was acceptable: the linear equation with R&D system was y=1.0116x + 0.4629 (R2=0.97) and linear equation with AdipoGen was y=0.9562x + 1.1961 (R2=0.93), respectively. The average recovery rate of the ELISA-kit ranged 92 to 104%. The correlation coefficient of waist circumference with adiponectin was -0.2276 (p<0.0001) among men and -0.2328 (p<0.0001) among women.
CONCLUSION
This ELISA-kit was quick, sensitive, and stable and can be used to determine adiponectin in serum.
Summary
Review
A study on epidemiological characteristics and control methods of EHEC infection in Korea.
Sang Won Lee, Bok Kwon Lee, Yong Jae Lee, Hee Soo Lee, Suk Chan Jung, Kwak Hyo Sun, Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2005;27(1):37-52.
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Abstract
E. coli is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless. But some strains such as Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli(EHEC), can cause severe food borne disease. It is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat. There is no widely agreed definition of when a shiga-toxin producing E. coli is considered to be an EHEC. But in Korea, the word "EHEC", "STEC", "VTEC" are often used as same meaning, which refer to the E.coli those producing shiga-toxin. We suggest the term STEC refers to those E. coli produce one or more shiga-toxins(stx), and the term EHEC refers only to STEC that cause a clinical illness. EHEC infection were designated as the class 1 notifiable disease in Korea in 2000. Although EHEC/STEC cases were not common in Korea, the number of STEC infection cases reported has increased since 2001. From 2001 to 2004, the number of STEC infection cases in Korea were 11, 8, 52, 118 respectively. These cases included 17 due to E. coli O157, 136 due to E. coli, serogroup non-O157, and 15 due to E. coli that were not serogrouped. The most common serotype implicated is E. coli O91 without virulent factor and clinical symptoms. But those cases involve in one epidemic in primary school in 2004. STEC infections in Korea occur in all age groups, with the highest frequencies in children less than 5 years old. Healthy cattle are the main animal reservoir for STEC and they harbor the organism as part of the bowel flora. The proportion of STEC in E. coli in animal feces was examined by using stool samples from 283 Korean beef cattle on 27 farms, 169 milk cattle on 28 frams, 455 swine on 50 farms. As determined by culture and toxin assay, the proportion of STEC was 25.8%(16 STEC/62 E. coli) in milk cattle, 18.8%(19 STEC/101 E.coli) in Korean beef cattle, 14.0%(25 STEC/178 E. coli) in swine. Effective surveillance of EHEC/STEC in humans is essential in order to protect the public health. EHEC infection is notifiable in many countries including USA, Japan, and Belgium, Finland, Italy, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom(UK), have sentinel systems. England, Wales, and Scotland have comprehensive national laboratory reporting schemes for STEC. And there has been an increase in the number of reported cases and outbreaks during the past decades in many countries Prevention of STEC infection requires control measures at all stages of surveillace, investigations and special pathogen tracing such as PulseNet.
Summary
Original Article
Outbreak of Measles among School Ages in Yeongju in 2000.
Hae Kwan Cheong, Geun Ryang Bae, Jin Hwa Jeong, Sue Kyung Park, Byung Chan Park, Jee Hee Kim, Joo Yeon Lee, Byung Kuk Na, Woo Joo Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2004;26(1):69-80.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND
The outbreak of measles from 2000 to 2001 was the biggest epidemic since measles vaccination was introduced in Korea. Outbreak of measles in Yeongju was one of the earliest milestones of the nationwide outbreak in the year 2000. The authors investigated epidemiologic characteristics of the outbreak in this area.
METHODS
The authors estimated attack rate through the investigation of all the school age cases of measles reported to local health authority between March and May, 2000. Case investigation was done to trace the source of the outbreak. One hundred seventy two cases were examined with medical examination, with interview on their clinical manifestations, and with serologic examination on the anti-measles IgM and IgG antibody.
RESULTS
Overall attack rate among the school children was 4.3%, with highest attack rate in middle school students (8.5%). The outbreak began in March in middle schools, which spread to elementary and high schools. IgG was positive in 160(93.0%) cases and IgM was positive in 94(54.6%) cases, among which 90 cases (95.7%) were also positive for IgG. IgM positive cases had higher prevalence of rash (91.5%) compared to those without IgM (70.5%). Diagnostic criteria based on the clinical manifestation and contact history showed the highest sensitivity (92.6%) compared to conventional diagnostic criteria in outbreak (40.4-44.7%) CONCLUSIONS: High proportion of susceptible children in the population due to primary or secondary vaccine failure played a key role in this outbreak. Clinical manifestation was milder than classical measles and adjustment of diagnostic criteria can be helpful in the management of outbreak.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.
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