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Original article
Associations of self-rated health, depression, and work ability with employee control over working time
Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Jaesung Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2025;e2025036.   Published online July 8, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025036    [Accepted]
  • 55 View
  • 0 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Work-time control (WTC), defined as employees’ ability to influence their work schedules, is a crucial determinant of work-life balance and well-being. This study aims to evaluate the associations between WTC and health-related outcomes among Korean workers and examine potential effect modifications by working hours and shift work status.
METHODS
This study analyzed data from the 2024 wave of the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study, a nationwide panel study of workers aged 19 to 70 years (n=5,195). WTC was measured using a 6-item scale, and participants were categorized into low (≤12) or high (>12) WTC groups. Outcomes included self-rated health (SRH), depression (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and work ability (WA, measured by the Work Ability Index). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor SRH, moderate-to-severe depression, and poor WA, adjusting for demographic and occupational variables. Subgroup analyses assessed effect modifications by working hours and shift work.
RESULTS
Higher WTC was associated with lower odds of poor SRH (OR, 0.730; 95% CI, 0.618 to 0.863), moderate-to-severe depression (OR, 0.710; 95% CI, 0.606 to 0.833), and poor WA (OR, 0.624; 95% CI, 0.463 to 0.841). These associations were significant among daytime workers but not shift workers. The protective effects of WTC were attenuated among workers exceeding 52 hours/week.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher WTC is associated with better health and work outcomes, emphasizing its importance for employee well-being. However, its benefits may be limited among shift workers and employees working excessive hours.
Summary
Original Articles
Association between the safety climate and occupational injury in the Korean working population: a cross-sectional study
Jeehee Min, Tae-Won Jang, Hye-Eun Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang, Seong-Sik Cho
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024082.   Published online October 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024082
  • 4,209 View
  • 121 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Preventing occupational injuries remains a significant challenge in Korea. A positive safety climate can contribute to reducing workplace injuries. However, the impact of safety climate on preventing occupational injuries among the Korean workforce has not been adequately explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perceived safety climate and occupational injuries within the Korean working population.
METHODS
This study used baseline data from the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSH). The safety climate was measured using the brief version of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire. Occupational injury was determined by whether injuries or accidents had occurred at workplaces in the past year. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the safety climate and occupational injury.
RESULTS
Participants who reported an unfavorable workplace safety climate were more likely to experience occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for occupational injuries in an unfavorable safety climate was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 3.51) compared to a favorable safety climate. Specifically, factors such as “not encouraging employees to follow safety rules when on a tight schedule” (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.24) and “not helping each other work safely” (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.25) were significantly associated with occupational injuries.
CONCLUSIONS
An unfavorable safety climate was associated with increased occupational injuries among Korean workers. Improving the safety climate in the workplace may reduce occupational injuries in Korea.
Summary
Korean summary
한국 노동인구집단에서도 안전풍토는 직업성 손상과 관련성이 관찰되었다. 이 같은 결과는 작업장의 안전풍토를 개선함으로써 직업성 손상을 예방할 수 있음을 시사한다.
Key Message
Safety climate was related to occupational injuries in the Korean working population. This result may indicate that occupational injuries can be prevented by improving the workplace safety climate. Workplace safety should be a high priority goal for management, and workers need to help each other for workplace safety.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Data profile: Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSHS)
    Seong-Sik Cho, Jeehee Min, Heejoo Ko, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e3.     CrossRef
The physical activity paradox in relation to work ability and health-related productivity loss in Korea
Heejoo Ko, Dohwan Kim, Seong-Sik Cho, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023096.   Published online October 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023096
  • 8,892 View
  • 267 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The physical activity paradox suggests that occupational physical activity (OPA), unlike leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), may detrimentally impact health. We explored the relationships of OPA and LTPA with work ability (WA) and health-related productivity loss (HRPL).
METHODS
This study included 5,501 workers in Korea who were recruited in 2021 through a web-based cross-sectional questionnaire. The questionnaire was utilized to quantify OPA and LTPA in metabolic equivalents, while WA and HRPL were also measured. Non-parametric regression, using a generalized additive model (GAM), was employed to visualize the relationships of LTPA and OPA with WA and HRPL. Mean differences in WA and HRPL, in relation to OPA and LTPA, were examined using linear regression models. These models were adjusted for covariates including sex, age, body mass index, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking history, insomnia, occupation, hours worked, and income.
RESULTS
The GAM and linear regression analyses revealed that higher LTPA corresponded with higher WA and lower HRPL. In contrast, as OPA increased, WA decreased and HRPL increased. However, within the group with high OPA, HRPL was not significantly lower in the high-LTPA subgroup relative to the low-LTPA subgroup (mean difference=1.92%, p=0.343). This pattern was especially pronounced among workers aged 60 years and older, with an increase in HRPL observed with increasing LTPA among the respondents with high OPA.
CONCLUSIONS
High LTPA levels were associated with elevated WA and diminished HRPL. In contrast, higher levels of OPA were associated with lower WA and higher HRPL.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Data profile: Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSHS)
    Seong-Sik Cho, Jeehee Min, Heejoo Ko, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e3.     CrossRef
  • Association between the safety climate and occupational injury in the Korean working population: a cross-sectional study
    Jeehee Min, Tae-Won Jang, Hye-Eun Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang, Seong-Sik Cho
    Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024082.     CrossRef
The association between occupational stress level and health-related productivity loss among Korean employees
Jonghee Chung, Jin-Hyo Kim, Jae Yoon Lee, Hee Seok Kang, Dong-wook Lee, Yun-Chul Hong, Mo-Yeol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023009.   Published online December 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023009
  • 11,736 View
  • 341 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Occupational stress management is particularly important for successful business operations, since occupational stress adversely affects workers’ health, eventually lowering their productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between occupational stress and health-related productivity loss (HRPL) among Korean workers.
METHODS
In 2021, 1,078 workers participated in a web-based questionnaire survey. HRPL was measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire, and occupational stress was measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form. The occupational stress level was divided into tertiles (low, intermediate, and high), and the low occupational stress group was used as the reference group. Using a generalised linear model, differences in labour productivity loss according to the level of occupational stress were tested after adjusting for demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, household income, occupation, and underlying medical conditions.
RESULTS
Non-parametric regression analysis of HRPL according to occupational stress showed a direct association between occupational stress and HRPL. A statistically significant difference was observed in HRPL between participants with intermediate and high occupational stress and those with low occupational stress.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the hypothesis that high occupational stress is associated with decreased labour productivity.
Summary
Korean summary
직무스트레스가 건강에 미치는 영향은 잘 알려져 있으나, 노동생산성에 대해 분석한 결과는 그동안 부족하였다. 한국 노동자 1078명을 분석한 결과, 직무스트레스가 낮은 군에 비해서 중등도이거나 높은 경우, 결근이나 프리젠티즘과 같은 건강관련 노동생산성 손실이 약 20%p 정도 높은 것으로 분석되었다.
Key Message
As a result of analyzing 1078 Korean workers, it was revealed that health-related labor productivity losses such as absenteeism and presenteeism were about 20%p higher when occupational stress was moderate or high compared to the low occupational stress group.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Occupational stress(KOSS®19): scale development and validation in the Korean context
    Hansoo Song, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Inah Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sang-Baek Koh, Sung-Soo Oh, Hee-Tae Kang, Da-Yee Jeung, Dae-Sung Hyun, Chunhui Suh, Sei-Jin Chang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2025; 37: e12.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Medical Technologist’s Working Environment on Health Problems: Using Data from the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Taewon JUNG, Miran LEE, Sang-ha KIM, Sunghyun KIM, Young-Kwon KIM
    Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2025; 57(2): 189.     CrossRef
  • Association between work from home and health-related productivity loss among Korean employees
    Hyo Jeong Kim, Dong Wook Lee, Jaesung Choi, Yun-Chul Hong, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The association between salivary IL-6 and poor sleep quality assessed using Apple watches in stressed workers in Japan
    Akihiro Koreki, Mitsuhiro Sado, Yasue Mitsukura, Hisateru Tachimori, Anna Kubota, Yoshiaki Kanamori, Manae Uchibori, Shiyori Usune, Akira Ninomiya, Ryutaro Shirahama, Akihiro Fujimoto, Kanako Inabe, Hiroaki Miyata, Masaru Mimura
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The association of emotional labor and workplace violence with health-related productivity loss
    Heejoo Ko, Dohwan Kim, Seong-Sik Cho, Dong-Wook Lee, Jaesung Choi, Minseok Kim, Min Young Park, Mo-Yeol Kang
    Journal of Occupational Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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