OBJECTIVES Substance abuse behaviors among university freshmen in Iran are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify, for the first time, subgroups of university freshmen in Iran on the basis of substance abuse behaviors. Moreover, it examined the effects of socio-demographic characteristics on membership in each specific subgroup.
METHODS
Data for the study were collected cross-sectionally in December 2013 and January 2014 from 4 major cities in Iran: Tabriz, Qazvin, Karaj, and Khoramabad. A total of 5,252 first-semester freshmen were randomly selected using a proportional cluster sampling methodology. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify subgroups of students on the basis of substance abuse behaviors and to examine the effects of students’ socio-demographic characteristics on membership in each specific subgroup.
RESULTS
The LCA procedure identified 3 latent classes: the healthy group; the hookah experimenter group; and the unhealthy group. Approximately 82.8, 16.1, and 2.1% of students were classified into the healthy, hookah experimenter, and unhealthy groups, respectively. Older age, being male, and having a family member or a close friend who smoked increased the risk of membership in classes 2 and 3, compared to class 1.
CONCLUSIONS
Approximately 2.1% of freshmen exhibited unhealthy substance abuse behaviors. In addition, we found that older age, being male, and having a close friend or family member who smoked may serve as risk factors for substance abuse behaviors.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
A latent class analysis of multiple health-risk behaviours among Portuguese college students Regina Alves Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and life-time alcohol consumption in Iranian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis Neda Soleimanvandiazar, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mahboobeh Kamali, Marziyeh Moradi, Leila Janani, Saeed Ghanbari, Azadeh Mottaghi, Mojtaba Piri, Leila Ghalichi, Marzieh Nojomi Journal of Substance Use.2023; 28(6): 809. CrossRef
Neighborhoods and adolescent polysubstance use in Jamaica Amrita Gill, Erica Felker-Kantor, Colette Cunningham-Myrie, Lisa-Gaye Greene, Parris Lyew-Ayee, Uki Atkinson, Wendel Abel, Simon G. Anderson, Katherine P. Theall PeerJ.2023; 11: e14297. CrossRef
Designing and Psychometrically Evaluating Students’ Common Types of Misconceptions about Substance Abuse Inventory: A Methodological Study Hamid Sharif-Nia, Tahereh Heidari, Mehran Zarghami, Azar Ramezani Toyeh, Parvin Ghasemi Mianaee, Vahid Ganji, Hamideh Azimi Lolaty Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Latent Classes of Substance Use in Young Adults – A Systematic Review Martha Charlotta de Jonge, Andrea Johanna Bukman, Lonneke van Leeuwen, Simone Arianne Onrust, Marloes Kleinjan Substance Use & Misuse.2022; 57(5): 769. CrossRef
Prevalence of hookah smoking among Iranian pupils and university students: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis Hamid Zaheri, Yosra Raziani, Nesa Khademi, Yousef Moradi, Hossein Shahriari, Reza Ghanei‐Gheshlagh The Clinical Respiratory Journal.2022; 16(6): 425. CrossRef
Lifestyle behaviors among undergraduate nursing students: A latent class analysis Tassia T. S. Macedo, Fernanda C. Mussi, Debra Sheets, Ana C. P. Campos, Ana L. Patrão, Caren L. M. Freitas, Melissa A. S. Paim Research in Nursing & Health.2020; 43(5): 520. CrossRef
OBJECTIVES Recent research has described negative relationship between happiness and habitual smoking among adolescents. No study of this relationship has been conducted among Iranian adolescents. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship between happiness and cigarette or hookah smoking among a sample of high school students.
METHODS
A sample of 1,161 10th-grade students in Tabriz (northwest Iran) was selected by multi-stage proportional cluster sampling. Participants completed a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire including information on cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, happiness score, substance abuse, self-injury, general risk-taking behavior, attitudes towards smoking, socioeconomic information, and demographic characteristics. An ordinal logistic regression model was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
It was found that 5.9 and 5.0% of students were regular cigarette smokers and regular hookah smokers, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, higher happiness scores were found to protect students against more advanced stages of cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 0.99; p=0.013). However, no significant relationship was found between happiness scores and hookah smoking status (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.02; p=0.523).
CONCLUSIONS
Happiness scores were associated with less advanced stages of habitual cigarette smoking among high school students. Our findings underscore the necessity of conducting longitudinal or interventional studies aiming to determine the effects of enhancing happiness on preventing the transition through the stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The effects of social support and social prejudice on emotional affect among drug users: the mediating role of resilience Yixin Zhang, Tour Liu, Bin Zhang, Mingli Li, Miao Chao Journal of Substance Use.2024; 29(6): 1070. CrossRef
Association between loneliness and cigarette smoking attitudes among university students in Iran: a cross-sectional study Hamideh Zahedi, Seyyede Leila Sajjadi, Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh, Parvin Sarbakhsh BMJ Open.2024; 14(5): e079593. CrossRef
A qualitative exploration of experts’ views about multi-dimensional aspects of hookah smoking control in Iran Sara Dadipoor, Azin Alavi, Hadi Eshaghi Sani Kakhaki, Nahid Shahabi, Zainab Kader BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Geographic distribution and time trends of water-pipe use among Iranian youth and teenage students: A meta-analysis and systematic review Sima Afrashteh, Akram Ansarifar, Mohebat Vali, Leila Nami Nazari, Nasrin Keshtkar, Sara Memar, Elham Mohebbi, Maryam Hadji, Afshin Ostovar, Kazem Zendehdel, Maryam Marzban Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse.2023; 22(2): 285. CrossRef
Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Smoking Prevalence: A Cross-sectional Study Among Military and Civilian Medical Students Monica Licu, Claudiu G. Ionescu, Maria Suciu, Sorin Păun Romanian Journal of Military Medicine.2023; 126(4): 502. CrossRef
Level of happiness among medical students in Bihar-An online survey Rajath Rao, Bijaya Nanda Naik, Saket Shekhar, Santosh Kumar Nirala, C. M. Singh, Manisha Verma, Anuvarshini Ramalingam Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Measuring Happiness in Adolescent Samples: A Systematic Review Justė Lukoševičiūtė, Gita Argustaitė-Zailskienė, Kastytis Šmigelskas Children.2022; 9(2): 227. CrossRef
Prevalence of hookah smoking among Iranian pupils and university students: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis Hamid Zaheri, Yosra Raziani, Nesa Khademi, Yousef Moradi, Hossein Shahriari, Reza Ghanei‐Gheshlagh The Clinical Respiratory Journal.2022; 16(6): 425. CrossRef
Prevalence of substance use among Iranian male adolescents: Systematic review and meta‐analysis Jalil Hosseini, Ehsan Shojaeefar, Parham Pooladgar, Fereshteh Aliakbari, Maryam Ganji, Mostafa Hamdieh, Ali Kheradmand, Mahta Abbasi Fashami Health Science Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and former smokers among adolescents aged 12–17 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Meysam Behzadifar, Maryam Aghaei, Afsaneh Badrizadeh, Masoud Behzadifar, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Social capital and peer influence of tobacco consumption: a cross-sectional study among household heads in rural Uttar Pradesh, India Md Zabir Hasan, Joanna E Cohen, David Bishai, Caitlin E Kennedy, Krishna D Rao, Akshay Ahuja, Shivam Gupta BMJ Open.2020; 10(6): e037202. CrossRef
Tobacco use and subjective well-being in university students from 29 countries: A brief report Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer Journal of Psychology in Africa.2020; 30(4): 354. CrossRef
The Role of Media on the Intention of Adolescents Smoking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Majid Barati, Hanieh Jormand, Saeed Bashirian, Amin Doosti-Irani, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai Journal of Education and Community Health.2020; 7(4): 311. CrossRef
Testicular Toxicity of Water Pipe Smoke Exposure in Mice and the Effect of Treatment with Nootkatone Thereon Badreldin H. Ali, Suhail Al-Salam, Sirin A. Adham, Khalid Al Balushi, Mohammed Al Za'abi, Sumaya Beegam, Priya Yuvaraju, Priyadarsini Manoj, Abderrahim Nemmar Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Explaining the determinants of hookah consumption among women in southern Iran: a qualitative study Sakineh Dadipoor, Gerjo Kok, Teamur Aghamolaei, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Ali Heyrani, Amin Ghanbarnezhad BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology and Adverse Consequences of Hookah/Waterpipe Use: A Systematic Review Rebecca Pratiti, Debabrata Mukherjee Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry .2019; 17(2): 82. CrossRef