Figure 1
Data cleaning process for the study population.
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FSG, fasting serum glucose; TC, total cholesterol.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the study population according to baseline blood pressure
Characteristics |
Baseline blood pressure
|
p-value* |
Normal (n= 12,401) |
High-normal (n=3,898) |
Baseline (1994-1996) |
|
|
|
Age’ (yr), mean±s.d |
38.6±6.5 |
39.8±6.8 |
<0.0001 |
Gender |
|
|
|
Men |
77.9 |
83.4 |
<0.0001 |
Women |
22.1 |
16.6 |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
22.9±2.4 |
23.4±2.5 |
<0.0001 |
Current smoking (yes), % |
46.9 |
48.0 |
<0.0001 |
Alcohol drinking (yes), % |
67.0 |
70.6 |
<0.0001 |
Regular exercise (yes), % |
25.1 |
27.7 |
0.0012 |
Family history, % |
|
|
|
Hypertension, stroke, heart disease |
14.8 |
15.0 |
0.7670 |
Diabetes mellitus |
7.6 |
6.7 |
0.0934 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
119.5±4.5 |
126.4 ±5.7 |
<0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
78.0±3.6 |
83.4±3.6 |
<0.0001 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) |
89.4 ±15.6 |
91.0 ±17.4 |
<0.0001 |
Total serum cholesterol (mg/dL) |
187.3±31.1 |
189.5± 31.2 |
<0.0001 |
Table 2Relationship between changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors and progression to hypertension in prehypertensive men at baseline
Changes in CVD risk factors |
Total no. |
No. of HTN (%) |
No. of censored |
p-value* |
Health behavioral factors |
|
|
|
|
Smoking habit change |
|
|
|
|
CS at baseline and follow-up |
4,996 |
2,471 (49.5) |
2,525 |
<0.0001 |
CS at baseline, NS at follow-up |
2,261 |
970 (42.9) |
1,291 |
|
NS at baseline, CS at follow-up |
490 |
250 (51.0) |
240 |
|
NS at baseline and follow-up |
4,540 |
2,138 (47.1) |
2,402 |
|
Alcohol drinking habit change |
|
|
|
|
DR at baseline and follow-up |
8,204 |
4,176 (50.9) |
4,028 |
<0.0001 |
DR at baseline, ND at follow-up |
1,516 |
569 (37.5) |
947 |
|
ND at baseline, DR at follow-up |
430 |
168 (39.1) |
262 |
|
ND at baseline and follow-up |
1,993 |
886 (44.5) |
1,107 |
|
Regular exercise habit change |
|
|
|
|
NRE at baseline and follow-up |
7,206 |
3,575 (49.6) |
3,631 |
<0.0001 |
NRE at baseline, RE at follow-up |
1,570 |
590 (37.6) |
980 |
|
RE at baseline, NRE at follow-up |
2,190 |
1,079 (49.3) |
1,111 |
|
RE at baseline and follow-up |
1,303 |
578 (44.4) |
725 |
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
Body mass index level change |
|
|
|
|
OBMI at baseline and follow-up |
2,703 |
1,573 (58.2) |
1,130 |
<0.0001 |
OBMI at baseline, NBMI at follow-up |
369 |
166 (45.0) |
203 |
|
NBMI at baseline, OBMI at follow-up |
1,690 |
834 (49.3) |
856 |
|
NBMI at baseline and follow-up |
8,139 |
3,576 (43.9) |
4,563 |
|
Fasting serum glucose level change |
|
|
|
|
HFSG at baseline and follow-up |
162 |
83 (51.2) |
79 |
0.0071 |
HFSG at baseline, NFSG at follow-up |
103 |
57 (55.3) |
46 |
|
NFSG at baseline, HFSG at follow-up |
541 |
282 (52.1) |
259 |
|
NFSG at baseline and follow-up |
12,093 |
5,726 (47.3) |
6,367 |
|
Serum total cholesterol level change |
|
|
|
|
HTC at baseline and follow-up |
412 |
231 (56.1) |
181 |
<0.0001 |
HTC at baseline, NTC at follow-up |
364 |
178 (48.9) |
186 |
|
NTC at baseline, HTC at follow-up |
1,122 |
596 (53.1) |
526 |
|
NTC at baseline and follow-up |
11,010 |
5,148 (46.8) |
5,862 |
|
Table 3Relationship between changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors and progression to hypertension in prehypertensive women at baseline
Changes in CVD risk factors |
Total no. |
No. of HTN (%) |
No. of censored |
p-value* |
Health behavioral factors |
|
|
|
|
Alcohol drinking habit change |
|
|
|
|
DR at baseline and follow-up |
269 |
104 (38.7) |
165 |
0.2873 |
DR at baseline, ND at follow-up |
271 |
98 (36.2) |
173 |
|
ND at baseline, DR at follow-up |
180 |
57 (31.7) |
123 |
|
ND at baseline and follow-up |
2,220 |
784 (35.3) |
1,436 |
|
Regular exercise habit change |
|
|
|
|
NRE at baseline and follow-up |
2,293 |
827 (36.1) |
1,466 |
<0.0001 |
NRE at baseline, RE at follow-up |
425 |
96 (22.6) |
329 |
|
RE at baseline, NRE at follow-up |
308 |
122 (39.6) |
186 |
|
RE at baseline and follow-up |
144 |
55 (38.2) |
89 |
|
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
Body mass index level change |
|
|
|
|
OBMI at baseline and follow-up |
304 |
168 (55.3) |
136 |
<0.0001 |
OBMI at baseline, NBMI at follow-up |
69 |
27 (39.1) |
42 |
|
NBMI at baseline, OBMI at follow-up |
297 |
138 (46.5) |
159 |
|
NBMI at baseline and follow-up |
2,720 |
863 (31.7) |
1,857 |
|
Fasting serum glucose level change |
|
|
|
|
HFSG at baseline and follow-up |
15 |
13 (86.7) |
2 |
<0.0001 |
HFSG at baseline, NFSG at follow-up |
14 |
6 (42.9) |
8 |
|
NFSG at baseline, HFSG at follow-up |
50 |
20 (40.0) |
30 |
|
NFSG at baseline and follow-up |
3,312 |
1,157 (34.9) |
2,155 |
|
Serum total cholesterol level change |
|
|
|
|
HTC at baseline and follow-up |
91 |
44 (48.4) |
47 |
0.0003 |
HTC at baseline, NTC at follow-up |
52 |
22 (42.3) |
30 |
|
NTC at baseline, HTC at follow-up |
366 |
151 (41.3) |
215 |
|
NTC at baseline and follow-up |
2,882 |
979 (34.0) |
1,903 |
|
Table 4Risk factors for progression to hypertension in prehypertensive group at baseline
|
Men
|
Women
|
HR |
95% CI |
HR |
95% CI |
Age |
1.026 |
1.022-1.031 |
1.034 |
1.022-1.046 |
Family history of CVD |
|
|
|
|
No |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
Yes |
1.146 |
1.059-1.240 |
1.145 |
0.980-1.337 |
Health behavioral factors |
|
|
|
|
Smoking habit change |
|
|
|
|
CS at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
|
|
CS at baseline, NS at follow-up |
0.756 |
0.696-0.821 |
NA |
NA |
NS at baseline, CS at follow-up |
0.996 |
0.864-1.149 |
NA |
NA |
NS at baseline and follow-up |
0.917 |
0.859-0.978 |
NA |
NA |
Drinking habit change |
|
|
|
|
DR at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
DR at baseline, ND at follow-up |
0.669 |
0.607-0.738 |
0.829 |
0.613-1.121 |
ND at baseline, DR at follow-up |
0.676 |
0.571-0.800 |
0.745 |
0.525-1.055 |
ND at baseline and follow-up |
0.811 |
0.749-0.879 |
0.849 |
0.682-1.057 |
Regular exercise habit change |
|
|
|
|
NRE at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
NRE at baseline, RE at follow-up |
0.653 |
0.593-0.718 |
0.534 |
0.426-0.669 |
RE at baseline, NRE at follow-up |
0.997 |
0.925-1.076 |
1.053 |
0.851-1.303 |
RE at baseline and follow-up |
0.808 |
0.735-0.889 |
0.997 |
0.740-1.343 |
Comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
BMI level change |
|
|
|
|
OBMI at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
OBMI at baseline, NBMI at follow-up |
0.715 |
0.593-0.861 |
0.634 |
0.401-1.001 |
NBMI at baseline, OBMI at follow-up |
0.752 |
0.684-0.827 |
0.764 |
0.585-0.997 |
NBMI at baseline and follow-up |
0.693 |
0.648-0.742 |
0.580 |
0.476-0.706 |
Fasting serumglucose level change |
|
|
|
|
HFSG at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
HFSG at baseline, NFSG at follow-up |
1.073 |
0.732-1.573 |
0.542 |
0.179-1.639 |
NFSG at baseline, HFSG at follow-up |
0.811 |
0.611-1.076 |
0.254 |
0.110-0.587 |
NFSG at baseline and follow-up |
0.862 |
0.670-1.109 |
0.264 |
0.134-0.519 |
Serum total cholesterol level change |
|
|
|
|
HTC at baseline and follow-up |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
|
HTC at baseline, NTC at follow-up |
0.788 |
0.635-0.977 |
1.319 |
0.707-2.463 |
NTC at baseline, HTC at follow-up |
0.838 |
0.707-0.993 |
0.807 |
0.528-1.234 |
NTC at baseline and follow-up |
0.789 |
0.682-0.914 |
0.806 |
0.544-1.193 |