Epidemiology and Health

Editorial

Methodological issues in estimating sodium intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyun Ja Kim, Kyungwon Oh; Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014033. Published online November 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014033

18,170 View
179 Download
14 Web of Science
12 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

For policy goal setting, efficacy evaluations, and the development of related programs for reducing sodium intake, it is essential to accurately identify the amount of sodium intake in South Korea and constantly monitor its trends. The present study aimed to identify the status of sodium intake in South Korea and to review the methods and their validity for estimating sodium intake in each country; through this, we aim to determine more accurate methods for determining sodium intake and to monitor the trend in sodium intake for Korean citizens in the future. Using 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to estimate daily sodium intake, the average daily sodium intake among Koreans was 4,546 mg (men, 5,212 mg; women, 3,868 mg). In addition to the nutrition survey that uses the 24-hour dietary recall method, sodium intake can also be calculated from the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine, 8-hour overnight urine, and spot urine samples. Although KNHANES uses the 24-hour dietary recall method to estimate the sodium intake, the 24-hour dietary recall method has the disadvantage of not being able to accurately determine the amount of sodium intake owing to its unique characteristics of the research method and in the processing of data. Although measuring the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine is known to be the most accurate method, because collecting 24-hour urine from the general population is difficult, using spot urine samples to estimate sodium intake has been suggested to be useful for examining the trend of sodium intake in the general population. Therefore, we planned to conduct a study for estimating of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine and 8-hour overnight urine samples and testing the validity among subsamples in the KNHANES. Based on this result, we will adopt the most appropriate urine collection method for estimating population sodium intake in South Korea.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구에서는 나트륨 섭취량 조사방법과 각 조사방법의 타당성을 고찰하여 나트륨 섭취량과 추이를 보다 정확하게 파악할 수 있는 방법을 모색해보고자 하였다. 국민건강영양조사에서는 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 우리나라 국민의 나트륨 섭취량을 산출하고 있으나, 정확성과 추이 비교에 제한점을 가지므로 소변을 이용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 추정하는 방법에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 이에, 국민건강영양조사의 일부 대상자에서 단회뇨, 야간뇨, 24시간 소변을 수집∙이용하여 24시간 소변 나트륨 배설량을 추정하는 식을 개발하고 그 타당도를 검증하는 연구를 수행하여 가장 적절한 소변 수집 방법을 국민건강영양조사에 도입할 계획이다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Dietary Patterns, Dietary Adequacy and Nutrient Intake in Adults Commencing Peritoneal Dialysis: Outcomes from a Longitudinal Cohort Study
Kelly Lambert, Michele Ryan, Jade Flanagan, Georgie Broinowski, Maryann Nicdao, Jordan Stanford, Katrina Chau
Nutrients.2024; 16(5): 663. CrossRef
The intake of ultra-processed foods, all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Health Examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohort
Anthony Kityo, Sang-Ah Lee, Shaonong Dang
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(5): e0285314. CrossRef
The Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods and Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Health Examinees Study
Anthony Kityo, Sang-Ah Lee
Nutrients.2022; 14(17): 3548. CrossRef
Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Korea
Kwang-Pil Ko
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 398. CrossRef
Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Korea
Si-Hyuck Kang, Sun-Hwa Kim, Jun Hwan Cho, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Seung-Sik Hwang, Hae-Young Lee, Tae-Jin Youn, In-Ho Chae, Cheol-Ho Kim
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium and Potassium Intake from Food Diaries and 24-h Urine Collections from 7 Days in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults
Adelais Athanasatou, Aikaterini Kandyliari, Olga Malisova, Alex Pepa, Maria Kapsokefalou
Frontiers in Nutrition.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
High sodium intake and sodium to potassium ratio may be linked to subsequent increase in vascular damage in adults aged 40 years and older: the Korean multi-rural communities cohort (MRCohort)
Sukyoung Jung, Mi Kyung Kim, Jinho Shin, Bo Youl Choi, Young-Hoon Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Min-Ho Shin
European Journal of Nutrition.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Young Gyu Cho
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(4): 171. CrossRef
Stomach Cancer Disparity among Korean Americans by Tumor Characteristics: Comparison with Non-Hispanic Whites, Japanese Americans, South Koreans, and Japanese
Eunjung Lee, Lihua Liu, Juanjuan Zhang, Mariana C. Stern, Afsaneh Barzi, Amie Hwang, Andre E. Kim, Ann S. Hamilton, Anna H. Wu, Dennis Deapen
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2017; 26(4): 587. CrossRef
Salt Intakes, Knowledge, and Behavior in Samoa: Monitoring Salt‐Consumption Patterns Through the World Health Organization's Surveillance of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors (STEPS)
Jacqui Webster, Sarah Asi Faletoese Su'a, Merina Ieremia, Severine Bompoint, Claire Johnson, Gavin Faeamani, Miraneta Vaiaso, Wendy Snowdon, Mary‐Anne Land, Kathy Trieu, Satu Viali, Marj Moodie, Colin Bell, Bruce Neal, Mark Woodward
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2016; 18(9): 884. CrossRef
Factors Associated With High Sodium Intake Based on Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion
Jae Won Hong, Jung Hyun Noh, Dong-Jun Kim
Medicine.2016; 95(9): e2864. CrossRef
The Use and Interpretation of Sodium Concentrations in Casual (Spot) Urine Collections for Population Surveillance and Partitioning of Dietary Iodine Intake Sources
Joel Conkle, Frits van der Haar
Nutrients.2016; 9(1): 7. CrossRef

Original Article

Factors Associated with a Low-sodium Diet: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Won Joon Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sun Min Oh, Dong Phil Choi, Jaelim Cho, Il Suh; Epidemiol Health. 2013;35:e2013005. Published online June 20, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2013005

17,213 View
120 Download
16 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Abstract

<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title>The low-sodium diet is a known preventive factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with low-sodium diets should be identified to reduce sodium intake effectively. This study was conducted to identify factors correlated with a low-sodium diet.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a total of 14,539 Koreans aged 20 years or older, who participated in the Fourth (2007-2009) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A low-sodium diet was defined as having ≤2,000 mg/day based on 24-hour recalls. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess sex, age, education, number of family members, household income, occupation, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, frequency of eating out, and hypertension management status for their associations with low-sodium diets.</sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title>Among all participants, only 13.9% (n=2,016) had low-sodium diets. In the multivariate analysis, 40-49 years of age, clerical work jobs, higher total energy intake, and frequent eating out were inversely associated with low-sodium diets. And female sex and living-alone were associated with low-sodium diets. Lower frequency of eating out was significantly associated with low-sodium diets, even after adjusting for total energy intake and other potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for a low-sodium diet were 1.97 (1.49-2.61), 1.47 (1.13-1.91), 1.24 (0.96-1.61), and 1.00 (reference) in people who eat out <1 time/month, 1-3 times/month, 1-6 times/week, and ≥1 time/day, respectively.</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title>Our study suggests that sex, age, number of family members, occupation, total energy intake, and lower frequency of eating out were associated with a low-sodium diet in Korean adults.</sec>

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults
Taisun Hyun, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Heekyong Ro, Young-Hee Han, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 284. CrossRef
Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students
Minchan Wu, Yue Xi, Jiaqi Huo, Caihong Xiang, Cuiting Yong, Jiajing Liang, Hanshuang Zou, Yunfeng Pan, Qingqing Xie, Qian Lin
Nutrients.2023; 15(7): 1570. CrossRef
Sodium and Potassium Urinary Excretion Among Malaysian Adults Claiming to Practice Salt-control: Findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS)
Munawara Pardi, Syafinaz Mohd Sallehuddin, Lalitha Palaniveloo, Norazizah Wong Ibrahim
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2022; 18(6): 5. CrossRef
Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-h urinary sodium level among adults speaking different dialects from the Chaoshan region of southern China
Fen Cai, Wen-Ya Dong, Jia-Xin Jiang, Xiao-Li Chen, Yue Wang, Chang-Yu Deng, Qing-Ying Zhang
Public Health Nutrition.2021; 24(2): 290. CrossRef
Mood and Metabolic Health Status of Elderly Osteoporotic Patients in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Nationally Representative Sample
Hyen Chul Jo, Gu-Hee Jung, Seong-Ho Ok, Ji Eun Park, Jong Chul Baek
Healthcare.2021; 9(1): 77. CrossRef
Prevalence of prehypertension and its risk factors in midlife and late life: Indonesian family life survey 2014–2015
Aida Lydia, Siti Setiati, Czeresna Heriawan Soejono, Rahmi Istanti, Jessica Marsigit, Muhammad Khifzhon Azwar
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Regional disparities in healthy eating and nutritional status in South Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017
Jounghee Lee, Jaesin Sa
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 679. CrossRef
Inverse association of improved adherence to dietary guidelines with metabolic syndrome: the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management program
Dongwoo Ham, YoungYun Cho, Mi-Suk Park, Yun-Sug Park, Sun-Young Kim, Hye-Min Seol, Yoo Mi Park, Sunok Woo, Hyojee Joung, Do-Sun Lim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 621. CrossRef
Association between family dinner and BMI in adults: data from the 2013 to 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Woongchan Rah, Jaewon So, Eun-Cheol Park, Sang Ah Lee, Sung-In Jang
Public Health Nutrition.2019; 22(4): 681. CrossRef
Global Impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Hypertension Guidelines
Hyeon Chang Kim, Yong Woo Jeon, Sung Taik Heo
Circulation.2018; 138(21): 2312. CrossRef
Sodium excretion and health-related quality of life: the results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2011
Hye Min Choi, Kyu-Beck Lee, Hyang Kim, Young Youl Hyun
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2018; 72(11): 1490. CrossRef
Trends in Blood Pressure and Prevalence of Hypertension in Korean Adults Based on the 1998–2014 KNHANES
Tae-Jong Kim, Jae-woo Lee, Hee-Taik Kang, Myeong-Chan Cho, Hyoung-Ji Lim, Jin-Young Kim, Jang-Whan Bae, Yong-Jae Lee, Sang-Hyun Lee, John A. Linton, Yeseul Kim
Yonsei Medical Journal.2018; 59(3): 356. CrossRef
Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Murielle Bochud, Silvia Stringhini
American Journal of Public Health.2017; 107(4): e1. CrossRef
Factors Associated With High Sodium Intake Based on Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion
Jae Won Hong, Jung Hyun Noh, Dong-Jun Kim
Medicine.2016; 95(9): e2864. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary intake in Korean adults according to energy intake from eating-out: Based on 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 482. CrossRef
The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): current status and challenges
Yuna Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2014; 36: e2014002. CrossRef

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search